[40] Du Chaillu (“The Viking Age,” _vide supra_) attributes these ship-form graves to the Iron Age, and remarks that similar monuments have been found in England and Scotland. “One of the most interesting,” he adds, “is that where the rowers’ seats are marked, and even a stone placed in the position of the mast” (p. 309, vol. i.). This is reproduced in Fig. 27. [41] For further details as to the Viking mode of burial, the reader is referred to vol. i. chap. xix. of Du Chaillu’s “The Viking Age.” [42] See “The Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England,” vol. i., by George Stephens, F.S.A., London, 1866. [43] “Ancient and Modern Ships,” part i., “Wooden Sailing Ships,” p. 60, by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B., London, 1900. [44] Magnússon’s “Notes on Shipbuilding,” &c., _ut supra_, p. 50. [45] Reproduced on p. 126, fig. 536, of Prof. Gustafson’s “Norges Oldtid.” [46] Evidently the early Europeans did not merely make rash voyages, trusting entirely to good luck to reach their port. It is quite clear that they had given serious study to seamanship by the early part of the fifth century, for when Lupus and German, two Gallic prelates, crossed the Channel to Britain in the year 429 A.D., they encountered very bad weather, and Constantius adds that St. German poured oil on the waves. The latter’s earlier days having been spent in Gaul, in Rome and as duke over a wide district, he had evidently picked up this item of seamanship from the mariners of the southern shores. (See Canon Bright’s “Chapters of Early English Church History,” Oxford, 1897, p. 19 and notes.) [47] “Navi Venete da codici Marini e dipinti,” by Cesare Augusto Levi, Venice, 1892. [48] See the ship in the seal of Dam, Fig. 40. [49] “Social England,” edited by H. D. Traill, D.C.L., and J. S. Mann, M.A., London, 1901. See article by W. Laird Clowes, vol. i. p. 589. [50] See “Handbook to the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British Museum,” London, 1899. The Edward III. coin will be found to be reproduced on all the publications of the Navy Records Society. [51] Ballingers were long, low vessels for oars and sails, introduced in the fourteenth century by Biscayan builders. [52] See “Gentile da Fabriano,” p. 134, by Arduino Colasanti, Bergamo 1909. [53] See Fig. 37 in “Navi Venete.” [54] See “The Life and Works of Vittorio Carpaccio,” by Pompeo Molmenti and Gustav Ludwig, London, 1907. [55] “Hans Memling,” p. 46, by W. H. James Weale, London, 1901. [56] Reproduced in “Navi Venete,” Fig. 96. [57] See “Musée Rétrospectif de la Classe 33,” &c. [58] This MS. has been carefully reproduced in “Monuments et Mémoires,” par Georges Perrot and Robert de la Steyrie. Tome onzième. See article on “Un Manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de Philippe le bon à Saint-Pétersbourg,” Paris, 1904. [59] See “Ancient and Modern Ships,” p. 74, by Sir G. C. V. Holmes, London, 1900.