In Fig. 5, the look-out man with his pole is also seen forward; the
crew are gathered round the mast to haul at the halyards, and get in
the sheets and braces; for now that the sail does not reach right
down to the deck, sheets have become indispensable. It will also
be remarked that the boom has been introduced to make the sail set
better. The amount of sheer given to the boat is enormous, although
the curve-in of the top of the stern is exceedingly attractive.
Assuming that the dimensions of the model are proportionate she
must have had precious little grip of the water, and if, when on an
expedition to the land of Punt, the Egyptians ever encountered a beam
wind, their ships must have made a terrible lot of lee-way. For even
a light breeze, coming at right angles to those overhanging bows with
no great draught amidships, would drive her head right off the wind.
The steersman would naturally stand to leeward, to get a pull on his
steering-thong or lanyard in order to luff her up, and prevent
her sagging too much to leeward. At a later date, when, as we shall
see, an oar was used each side for steering in place of only one at
the extreme stern, the helmsman stood on the lee side and worked the
lee steering oar. By reason of its size, this would have some of the
effects of the leeboards on a Thames Barge or Dutchman.
Although these two models are the finest tomb group that have
yet reached England, yet others have been found at Sakkara, and
elsewhere, sometimes with a hull painted yellow and a cabin with
an awning painted to imitate leather, in which the proprietor,
more carefully made and of better wood than his sailors, sat with
his box by his side. Another boat model was of light papyrus with
flower-shaped prow and stern. It was painted green, and carried a
light shelter under which the owner usually stood.[4]
These ships of the Twelfth Dynasty have an additional interest for
us, since they belong to the time when Egypt was enjoying the fullest
prosperity, and had reached its highest degree of civilisation in its
capital of Thebes. But it is in the illustrations of ships afforded
by excavations in connection with the Temple of Deir-el-Bahari that
we find the most detailed information. The south wall of the middle
terrace of this building is most informative, depicting as it does
the naval expedition to the land of Punt. In Egyptian history various
expeditions are mentioned to Punt. One occurred as early as the fifth
Dynasty, for it is recorded in a tomb of a dynasty later. During the
eleventh Dynasty, a similar expedition was made under Sankh-kara, and
Ramases III. also sent an expedition. These last two voyages are said
to have started from a harbour on the Red Sea which was reached from
Koptos, probably the modern Kosseir, and to have returned there.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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