Transcriber’s Note Italic text displayed as: _italic_ SANITATION IN PANAMA [Illustration: Concreted Ditch. Ancon.] SANITATION IN PANAMA BY WILLIAM CRAWFORD GORGAS CHIEF SANITARY OFFICER, PANAMA CANAL, SURGEON GENERAL, U. S. A., MAJOR GENERAL, U. S. A. [Illustration: Decoration] ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK AND LONDON D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1915 COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. YELLOW FEVER AND THE DISCOVERIES OF ITS TRANSMISSION 1 II. THE EXPERIMENTS OF THE REED BOARD 18 III. THE DISCOVERIES OF THE REED BOARD 32 IV. THE SANITARY BOARD OF HAVANA 40 V. SANITARY WORK AT HAVANA 50 VI. THE RESULTS ACCOMPLISHED IN HAVANA 63 VII. CORRESPONDENCE WITH DR. REED 77 VIII. HISTORY OF YELLOW FEVER 110 IX. GEOGRAPHICAL LIMITS OF YELLOW FEVER 124 X. APPOINTED CHIEF SANITARY OFFICER FOR THE ISTHMUS 138 XI. PRELIMINARY ORGANIZATION AND WORK AT PANAMA 148 XII. YELLOW-FEVER WORK AT THE ISTHMUS 159 XIII. NOMBRE DE DIOS 175 XIV. THE WORK OF THE SANITARY INSPECTORS 182 XV. THE WORK AT THE HOSPITALS 206 XVI. MALARIA WORK AND THE HOSPITAL SYSTEM 219 XVII. MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SERVICE OF ANCON HOSPITAL 241 XVIII. THE SANITARIUM AT TABOGA 248 XIX. THE LEPER COLONY 256 XX. QUARANTINE SYSTEM 260 XXI. MEASURES AGAINST BUBONIC PLAGUE 275 XXII. THE WORK OF THE SANITARY DEPARTMENT OF PANAMA 279 INDEX 293 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Concreted Ditch. Ancon _Frontispiece_ Map of the Panama Canal Zone, Showing Hospitals of the Sanitary Department 1 Stegomyia Squad. Havana 52 Screened Water Barrel. Havana 52 Concreted Ditch. Gatun 112 Screened Yellow-fever Ward. Ancon Hospital, Panama 150 St. Charles Ward, Ancon Hospital. Building in Which Twelve Hundred Frenchmen Died of Yellow Fever 150 Oilers at Work in Marsh 184