Sanitation -- Cuba -- Havana; Sanitation -- Panama; Yellow fever -- Cuba -- Havana
This set of experiments was generally accepted as proving that yellow
fever was conveyed from man to man by the mosquito alone, and that it
was not transmitted in any other way. A great many persons, however,
were still skeptical. The experimental camp had been named “Lazear”
in memory of Dr. Lazear, a member of the Board, who had died a few
months before of yellow fever, contracted while prosecuting this
work.
The Board then took the blood of a yellow-fever patient in the
first three days of his sickness, and injected it with a hypodermic
syringe into a non-immune. He promptly developed yellow fever. This
proved that the blood of a patient suffering from this disease
could transmit yellow fever without passing through the body of
the mosquito. From this experiment of injecting the blood directly
from one person into another it was argued that it might not be a
yellow-fever parasite that was injected, but a toxin.
The Board then took the blood within the first three days of sickness
from this second patient who had been given his disease from the
blood of the first patient, and injected it into a third patient.
This third patient developed the disease at the proper time. This
experiment demonstrated that the virus so conveyed was capable of
multiplying; that it was a living germ and not merely a toxin or
chemical body which transmitted the disease.
The Board then took the blood of a patient collected in the first
three days of his sickness, and passed it through a Pasteur filter
so fine that it would stop any particle large enough to be seen with
a microscope of the highest power. This blood when injected into
a non-immune still gave yellow fever. This demonstrated that the
parasite was sub-microscopic; that is, too small to be seen by a
microscope of even the highest power.
They then took the blood of a yellow-fever patient within the first
three days of his disease, heated it to 55° C., and injected it into
a non-immune. The non-immune did not develop yellow fever. This was
repeated three times. This experiment proved that the living parasite
in the blood of the yellow-fever patient was killed by being raised
to a temperature of 55° C.
The conclusions announced by the Board were as follows:
That yellow fever is conveyed from man to man only by the bite of
the female stegomyia mosquito, and that this mosquito, to become
infected, must suck the blood of the yellow-fever patient within the
first three days of his disease.
That after biting the patient, twelve to twenty days must elapse
before she herself is able to convey the infection. This period is
known as the period of extrinsic incubation. Extrinsic incubation in
Havana was found to be considerably longer during the cool months of
winter than during the warm period of summer.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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