CHAPTER V. LATRINES AND URINALS. In dealing with the sanitation of a bazaar, the provision of scientifically designed latrines and urinals is a matter of the greatest importance. There are numerous patterns of these, some very well arranged as regards the necessary requirements for efficient working, but many more not so. The selection of the pattern adopted is frequently a mere matter of chance, and the attention paid to the subject by the Municipal Commissioners a minimum quantity; badly arranged ones are probably just as expensive to construct in the first instance as good ones, which are much more useful. [Sidenote: Distribution of Latrines and Urinals.] [Sidenote: Ventilation.] [Sidenote: Drainage.] A large number of small latrines and urinals suitably distributed are more effective than a few large ones, and are not much more costly to construct and maintain; they should not be grouped together, or placed back to back, as light and air should be allowed to play on all sides; for convenience a small covered annexe may be provided for the carts. For ventilation purposes it must be remembered that, owing to the friction of the air on the sides, a number of small openings are not nearly of as great value as a large one of the same area. Where good drainage is unavailable, storm-water from the roofs should discharge into moveable buckets which can be easily emptied, thus avoiding saturation of the soil. Care must however be taken to put these in places where they cannot be misused. [Sidenote: Latrines at Police Barracks and private houses.] Latrines should be provided at all Police barracks or out-posts; the prevention of nuisance in a Municipality is under the control of the local police, and the out-posts are, in many cases, either unprovided with latrines, or have them of such a description that the men are driven to commit the nuisance they are supposed to prevent. Similarly, house-owners should be made to provide suitable arrangements for their servants. [Sidenote: Bailey’s Patent Latrines.] A good latrine in the Indian market is ‘Bailey’s Patent,’ Fig. 12, page 27. This combines efficient ventilation of the latrine, with an arrangement of double trays, thus preventing saturation and consequent pollution of the soil on which it stands. The superstructure is made of corrugated iron strongly braced, and can be made of any number of compartments required; the patent latrine seat inside is independent of the superstructure, and can be easily taken out and cleaned. The seats however are inconveniently small. They cost from Rs. 114 for a two-seat to Rs. 324 for an eight-seat one. [Sidenote: Donaldson’s Separation Latrine.]