It will be seen from the above, leaving out of consideration the diphthong _ou_ and _ai_, that the character of a large number of the loanwords is Norse. In a great many cases the E. and W. Scand. form of the word was the same. There are, however, a few words in Sco. that bear a Dan. stamp: _sprent_, _donk_ and _slonk_ exhibit E. Scand. non-assimilation of _nt_ and _nk_ to _tt_ and _kk_. _Snib_ corresponds to Dan. _snibbe_, cp. M.E. _snibben_. All these have the umlaut. Eng. _snub_, M.E. _snubben_ and O.N. _snubba_ have the unumlauted vowel. _Bud_ agrees closer with Dan. _bud_, _budh_, than O.N. _boð_, Norse _bod_. _Thraive_ (Dunbar) and _threave_ (Ramsay) both indicate an original _a_-vowel, hence correspond better to Dan. _trave_ than O.N. _þrefi_. To these may be added _bask_, _flegger_ and _forjeskit_, which are not found in W. Scand. 2. (a) THE OLD NORTHERN VOWELS IN THE LOANWORDS. The values given in the following tables are for Middle Scotch. The symbols used do not need explanation: SHORT VOWELS. _a._ O.N. _a_ in originally close syllable > _æ_, written _a_: _anger_, _hansell_, _apert_, _ban_, _blabber_, _slak_, _cast_, _chaff_, _dash_, _dram_, _bang_, _fang_, _stang_, _lack_, etc. O.N. _a_ in originally close syllable before _r_ remains _a_: _bark_, _carl_, _carp_, _farrand_, _garth_, _harth_, _scarth_, _swarf_, and _harsk_ (O. Dan.). O.N., O. Dan. _a_ in close syllable > _é_ in _blether_, _forjeskit_, _welter_. _a_ in close syllable > _ē_ (_ay_, _ai_) in _aynd_, _baittenin_. _a_ in close syllable remains _a_, written _o_ in _cog_. O.N. _a_ in originally open syllable regularly becomes _ē_, written _a_, _ai_, _ay_: _dasen_, _flake_, _maik_, _scait_, etc. O.N. _a_ + _g_ > _ē_ written _ai_ in _braid_, _gane_ (to profit). _a_ + _g_ > _aw_ in _bawch_. In _mawch_ _ð_ fell out and _a_ developed as _a_ before _g_. _e._ O.N. _e_ remains in _airt_, _bekk_, _bleck_, _cleck_, _cleg_, _egg_ (to incite), _elding_, _esping_, _fleckerit_, _freckled_, _gedde_, _gengeld_, _kendell_, _melder_, _mensk_, _nevin_, _werr_, _spenn_, _stert_, _sker_. O. Dan. _e_ remains in _sprent_. O.N. _e_ becomes _i_ in _lirk_, _kitling_, and before _ng_ in _ding_, _flingin_, _hing_, and also in _skrip_, _styddy_. O.N. _e_ > _æ_, written _a_, in _dapill_, _clag_. Cp. _sprattle_ in Burns. > _æ_ before _r_ in _ware_. > _a_ before _r_ in _karling_. O.N. _e_ > _i_ in _neefe_ (_nieve_). O.N. _e_ appears as _u_ in _studdy_. See word list. O.N. _e_ (from older _æi_) > _ē_ in _hailse_. _e_ + _g_ > _e_ written _a_, _ai:_ e.g., _haine_, _gane_ (to suit). _i._