The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records the names of a number of Frisian sailors who fought with the English in a naval battle against the Vikings (A. an. 897). In the same way the Irish ships must have been manned to a large extent by Norse mercenaries or by the Gaill-Gaedhil, for practically all the shipping terms introduced into Irish in the tenth and eleventh centuries are of Norse origin.[161] This is evident from the following list:-- Mid. Ir. _abor_, _abur_: O.N. _hábora_, ‘an oar hole.’ _Accaire_: O.N. _akkeri_, ‘an anchor.’ _Accarsoid_: O.N. _akkerissaeti_, ‘a harbour for ships.’ _Achtuaim_: O.N. _aktaumr_, ‘a brace.’ _athbha_: phonetic form (af, av) of O.N. _höfuth_, ‘head’ of a ship. _Allsad_: O.N. _halsa_, ‘to slacken a sail.’ _As_: O.N. _ass_, ‘the pole to which the lower end of a sail was fastened during a fair wind.’ _bat_, _bad_: O.N. _bátr_, ‘a boat.’ _birling_: O.N. _byrthingr_, ‘a transport vessel,’ ‘a merchant ship.’[162] _carb_: O.N. _karfi_, ‘a ship.’ _cnairr_: O.N. _knörr_, ‘a merchant ship.’ _laideng_: O.N. _leithangr_, ‘naval forces.’ _lipting_: O.N. _lypting_, ‘a taffrail.’ _lunnta_, _lunn_ (in reania): O.N. _hlunnr_, ‘the handle of an oar.’ _scib_: O.N. _skip_, ‘a ship,’ whence also are derived _sciobaire_, ‘a sailor’ and _scipad_ and _sgiobadh_, ‘to make ready for sailing.’ _tile_: O.N. _thili_, ‘a plank,’ ‘the bottom board in a boat.’ _Tlusdais_ (? teldass): O.N. _tjaldáss_, ‘the horizontal topmast of a ship.’ _uicing_, a word used for O.N. _Víkingr_, ‘one who haunts ‘a fleet’: a bay or creek.’ _uiginnecht_, piracy: CHAPTER VI. LINGUISTIC INFLUENCES. (_a_) Loan-words from Old Norse in Irish. The large number of loan-words from Old Norse which occur in Old and Middle Irish indicate clearly the extent and character of Scandinavian influence in Ireland. They are therefore interesting from an historical point of view, for they confirm, and sometimes supplement, the evidence of Irish and Icelandic sources, that the relations existing between the two peoples were largely of a friendly character. As the subject has already been fully dealt with by Celtic scholars,[163] only the more important loan words are given here:-- I. DRESS[164] AND ARMOUR.