[27] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, A. Annal 944. [28] _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, E. Annals 949, 952. [29] _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 978, 979; _Annals of Ulster_, A.D. 979 (= 980). [30] _War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill_, p. 77. [31] _War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill_, p. 115; _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 997. [32] _War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill_, p. 153. _Njáls Saga_, ch. 155. In the _Annals of Loch Cé_ (A.D. 1014) Brodar is called the earl of York (_iarla Caoire Eabhroigh_). [33] _War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill_, p. 151. [34] _Ib._, pp. 151-191; _Njáls Saga_, chs. 155-157, _Annals of Loch Cé_, A.D. 1014; _Annals of the Four Masters_, A.D. 1013. [35] _Calendar of the Ancient Records of Dublin_ (ed. by J. T. Gilbert), II. 81; _Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey, Dublin_ (ed. by Gilbert), I. 258; II. 251; Giraldus Cambrensis: _Topographia Hibernica_, V. 187. The name “Ostmen” is generally supposed to have been first given to them by the English, but the word is Norse (_i.e._, _Austmenn_, plural of _Austmathr_, “a man living in the East”) and therefore must have been current in Ireland before the English invasion. It may be suggested that the name was applied to the original Scandinavian settlers in Ireland, to merchants and other later comers from Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Cf. the nickname _Austmathr_, given to a certain Eyvindr by the Scandinavian settlers in the Hebrides because he had come there from Sweden. [36] _Chartularies of St. Mary’s Abbey_, I. 267; _ib._, I. 227, 234, etc.; _Calendar of the Ancient Records of Dublin_, I. 55; II. 96. [37] _A Calendar of Documents Relating to Ireland_ (ed. by H. S. Sweetman), I. 24. [38] _Ib._, II. p. 426. [39] For interesting articles on the Ostmen in Ireland see A. Bugge: _Sidste Afsnit af Nordboernes Historie i Irland_, pp. 248-315 (Aarb ger for nord. Oldk. 1900); and E. Curtis: _The English and the Ostmen in Ireland_ (English Historical Review, XXIII., p. 209 ff.). CHAPTER II. INTERCOURSE BETWEEN THE GAILL AND THE GAEDHIL DURING THE VIKING PERIOD. The existence of the Gaill-Gaedhil or foreign Irish in Ulster and various parts of Munster[40] during the years 854-856 shows that even in the early part of the ninth century there must have been considerable intercourse between the Vikings and the native population. For some of the Gaill-Gaedhil were partly of Irish, partly of Norse extraction; others, as the annalist explicitly states, were Irishmen who had been fostered by the Norsemen, and in consequence had forsaken Christian practices and lapsed into Paganism.[41] From a chance allusion in a tenth century text[42] it would seem that they could speak Gaelic, but so badly that the expression “the gicgog of a Gall-Gaedheal” was generally understood to mean halting or broken Gaelic.