Produced by Jeannie Howse, R. Cedron, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at DP Europe http://dp.rastko.net * * * * * +-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Transcriber's Note: | | | | The author of this ebook makes unusual use of commas and | | asterisks. | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------+ * * * * * SCARABS. THE HISTORY, MANUFACTURE AND RELIGIOUS SYMBOLISM OF THE SCARABÆUS, IN ANCIENT EGYPT, PHŒNICIA, SARDINIA, ETRURIA, ETC. ALSO REMARKS ON THE LEARNING, PHILOSOPHY, ARTS, ETHICS, PSYCHOLOGY, IDEAS AS TO THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL, ETC., OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS, PHŒNICIANS, ETC. BY ISAAC MYER, LL.B. Member of the American Oriental Society. The American Numismatic and Archæological Society. The Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia. La Société Royale de Numismatique de Belgique. The Oriental Club of Philadelphia. The New York Historical Society Historical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, etc. AUTHOR OF THE QABBALAH. THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGS OF SOLOMON B. YEHUDAH IBN. GEBIROL, OR AVICEBRON; THE WATERLOO MEDAL, ETC. FOR SALE BY EDWIN W. DAYTON, NO. 641 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK. OTTO HARRASSOWITZ, Querstrasse No. 14, LEIPZIG. ÉMILE BOUILLON, No. 67, Rue de Richelieu, PARIS. 1894. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1894, by ISAAC MYER, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. ALL RIGHTS OF TRANSLATION RESERVED. INTRODUCTION. The following work is taken in part, from an address delivered by me before, The American Numismatic and Archæological Society, at its Hall in the City of New York, on March 30th, 1893. Since that time I have been led into a train of thought, having as its basis a more philosophical treatment of the meaning of the scarabæus as a symbol, in the religious metaphysic conception of it by the Ancient Egyptians, and have added much new matter. I am convinced that at the period when we first meet with the symbol of the scarabæus in Egypt, it was already the symbol and tangible expression of an elevated religious idea, embracing that of a future life of the human soul, a resurrection of it from the dead, and most likely, of a reward or punishment to it in the future life, based on its conduct when in the terrestrial life.