APPENDIX A 145-154 INDEX 155-177 ON SCARABS. FORMS OF THE WORD SCARABÆUS. VENERATION OF THE ANCIENT EGYPTIANS FOR THE SCARABÆUS. ENTOMOLOGY OF THE INSECT. SYMBOLISM OF ACCORDING TO PLUTARCH, PLINY AND HORAPOLLO. ITS ASTRONOMICAL VALUE. WORSHIP OF INSECTS BY OTHER PEOPLES. SYMBOLISM, WITH THE EGYPTIANS, OF THE SCARABÆUS. USES OF IT WITH THEM. Among the many animals, insects and creatures, held in veneration as symbols by the Ancient Egyptians; the one universally in use as a symbol from a most remote period, were insects of the family of the scarabæidæ. The Greek name of the models of these was _Skarabaios_, _Skarabos_, _Karabos_, _Karabis_; the Sanskrit, _Carabha_, which like the Latin _Locusta_, designated both the lobster and the grasshopper. The Latin name derived from the Greek, was, _Scarabæus_, the French, _Scarabée_. To the people of our day, the high position enjoyed in the religion of Ancient Egypt by this insect, appears very strange, for to us, there is nothing attractive about it. With that people however it held, for some fifty centuries; the position in their religion which the Latin cross now holds with us as Christians, and if we consider for an instant, our own veneration for the latter; it would doubtless have been considered, by those unfamiliar with our religion, as also based on a veneration for a very strange emblem; for the cross was the instrument used by the Romans for punishing with death, murderers and criminals of the lowest type; and what would be thought to-day, of a man worshipping the gallows or the guillotine, or carrying copies modeled from the same, suspended from his neck. However we of to-day all understand the emblem of the cross, and the Ancient Egyptians in their time, all understood the emblem of the scarab. "Men are rarely conscious of the prejudices, which really incapacitate them, from forming impartial and true judgments on systems alien to their own habits of thought. And philosophers who may pride themselves on their freedom from prejudice, may yet fail to understand; whole classes of psychological phenomena which are the result of religious practice, and are familiar to those alone to whom such practice is habitual."[6] Said Thespesion to Apollonius Tyanæus, according to the biography of the latter, by Philostratus; "The Egyptians do not venture to give form to their deities, they only give them in symbols which have an occult meaning." The family of the _Scarabæidæ_ or _Coprophagi_ is quite large, the type of the family is the genus _Ateuchus_, the members of this genus are more frequently found in the old world than the new, and of its forty species, thirty belong to Africa.