Provinces, exposed to attacks of barbarians, 47, 48, 244. divisions of society in, 121. advantages of imperial protection of, 122, 141 ff. disadvantages of imperial protection of, 123, 144 ff., 215. government of, 18, 24, 29, 31, 119 ff., 249. status of, 32, 240. Salvian on misgovernment of, 249 note. _Q._ Qualifications of teacher, 137 (Julian’s decree); 138 (decree of Valentinian and Valens). _Querolus_, fourth-century comedy, 171, 200. _R._ Reader, Church, _see_ Lector. Reading, in Christian schools, 183. in pagan schools, 59. clearness and intonation aimed at, 61. Quintilian on, 59, 61 n., 183. Refutation, ἀνασκευή (rhetoric), 74. perverse method of, 75. Research, attitude towards, 212, 213. Restrictions, local, due to imperial protection, 127. _Rhetores Graeci_, 71. Rhetoric, advantages of, 249-51. disadvantages of, 251-6. natural to Gauls, 11, 12, 16. persistence of, 157 ff. power of, 160. how regarded by Ennodius, 163. of Hilary of Arles, 165. of Hilary of Poitiers, 164, 167. ideal of Isocrates in, 158, 159. ideal of Cicero in, 159. ideal of Panegyrists in, 160. increasing futility of, 158. why a failure, 256. predominant in schools, 162. prominent in Gaul, 11, 39, 50, 51, 160, 161. general scope of, in schools, 68. stages of, in schools, 69. universality of, 70. Roads, influence of, on education, 29, 30, 248. Romanization, 26 ff. causes of, in Gaul, 31. not quite complete, 27, 29. proved by archaeological remains, 30. Rusticitas, 166 ff. _S._ Salaries of teachers, amount of, 114. enactments of Vespasian and Gratian concerning, 113. gifts of Emperor supplement, 115. paid at one time by parents, 115. paid sometimes by individual towns, 114. paid by State first in Gaul, 112. unequal, 112. Schola, meaning of, in fourth century, 103. Schoolboy, picture of, in Libanius, 52. Schoolroom, nature of, (pagan), 102; (Christian), 182. Schools (_see_ Education), grades of, 103 ff. private adventure, discouraged, 113. Sculpture (_see_ Art). Semi-Pelagianism, 192. Sententia, γνώμη (rhetoric), 74. Shorthand, (pagan), 59; (Christian), 185, 186. Slaves, education of, 128, 129. new attitude to, 153. decrease of, reasons for, 154. Social life of Bordeaux teacher, 132 ff. Stage, action of Church against, 154. unhealthy state of Gallic, 199. State, relation of, to Church, 151 ff. overshadowed by Church, 152, 153. flouted by Church, 156. as the champion of the Church, 156. passes on its law and organization to Church, 153. pays teaching doctors, 88. pays teaching lawyers, 85. pays school-teachers, 112 ff. protects education materially and spiritually, 135 ff. Stationes (of lecturing lawyers), 85. Strenae, gifts of Emperor, 115 and note.