Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
History
Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.
Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
Education, Greek
“As witness to their deeds these dead set up trophies over the foe,
offerings to Zeus, offered by themselves. They were not unskilled in
natural Ares nor lawful loves nor armèd strife nor beauty-loving
Peace; revering the Gods by Justice, honouring their parents by
Service, just to their countrymen by Equality, faithful to their
friends by Loyalty. Therefore, when they died, love for them died not
with them, but deathless in bodies no longer bodies it lives when they
live no longer.” In the _Encomium on Helen_ we have “fright exceeding
fearful, and pity exceeding tearful, and yearning exceeding painful,”
and “productive of pleasure, destructive of pain.” In the _Palamedes_
Gorgias even uses puns.
His poetical compounds and those of his pupil _Alkidamas_ were famous.
In short, at this time there was no boundary whatever between poetry
and prose: prose, if anything, was the more poetical of the two.
This strange hothouse Euphuistic style of Gorgias took Hellas by
storm, and his influence was enormous: it even half-mastered the
austere mind of Thucydides. As reformed by the greater critical
faculties of his pupil Isokrates, it became the parent of Ciceronian
Latin and so of the prose literature of centuries.
The other rhetorical Sophists of the time are less interesting.
_Likumnios_ and _Polos_, teacher and pupil, seem to have devoted
themselves to questions of rhythm: they employed quaint conceits and
affectations, like Gorgias. _Theodoros_ and _Euenos_ divided and
subdivided the parts of an oration into “confirmation” and “additional
confirmation,” and “by-blames” and “by-panegyrics”: in which work
Polos joined them. _Thrasumachos_ of Chalcedon, who seems to have been
a bigger man altogether, began to attack the psychological side of
rhetoric by studying the questions of pathos and indignation; these
studies he embodied in pamphlets, and no doubt his results were
imparted to his pupils.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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