Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
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Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.
Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
Education, Greek
Plato, all you can do is to frown, drawing up your eyebrows
severely, like a shellfish.[585]
The psychological yearning of the _Phaidon_, perpetually interrupted
by cold currents of scepticism, must have found an echo in Plato’s
school-teaching, as the following dialogues from Comedy show[585]:――
_A._ My mortal frame grew dry:
My deathless part rushed forth into the air.
_B._ Why, bless us, are we in the school of Plato?
And
_A._ You’re a man, clearly, and have got a soul.
_B._ Like Plato, I don’t know but I suspect it.[585]
Of discipline in the Akademeia under Plato nothing is known: the
following story[586] belongs to the school a little after his death. A
certain Polemon agreed with some young friends of his, who attended
the school, that he would rush into the room during the lesson, drunk
and garlanded. This he carried out. But the teacher, Xenokrates, went
calmly on with his lecture, which happened to deal with Sobriety. This
conduct quite overcame Polemon, and he became a most diligent pupil,
and finally succeeded Xenokrates as teacher.
Of Plato’s affection for his pupils, his own poems afford sufficient
proof. One of them was named Aster, or Star. One day, as the lad was
studying the heavens, his master wrote the following epigram about
him:――
Star of my soul, thou gazest
Upon the starry skies;
I envy Heaven, that watches
Thy face with countless eyes.
And when he died, Plato wrote his epitaph:
Thou wert the morning Star among the living,
Ere thy fair light had fled:
Now, being dead, thou art as Hesperus, giving
New splendour to the dead.[587]
Additional evidence is given by his efforts on behalf of Dionusios and
Dion, which led him into so many perils in Sicily.
Plato was teaching in Athens almost continually from 388 till 347. His
pupils included, no doubt, many of the chief men of the day: Chabrias,
Iphikrates, Hupereides, Phokion, Lukourgos, and Demosthenes are
mentioned, besides the philosophers Speusippos, Xenokrates,
Herakleides of Pontos, and Aristotle. But posterity ascribed pupils
recklessly to all the great teachers of antiquity, so the catalogue
carries little weight. It is interesting to observe that the school as
a whole was attacked for producing tyrants: the bitter description of
the miseries of tyranny in the _Republic_ are at once a sad reflection
upon former pupils and a warning to those whom he was instructing at
the time. But the Philosopher-king, who embodied Plato’s ideal form of
Government, may well have had a corrupting influence upon the pupils.
Dion, the philosopher and patriot who became a tyrant, is an
interesting commentary upon the _Republic_.
Teaching in the Akademeia was given gratuitously; but those who were
so disposed might give presents to their teacher. Dionusios presented
Plato with over 80 talents.[588]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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