Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
History
Schools of Hellas: An Essay on the Practice and Theory of Ancient Greek Education from 600 to 300 B. C.
Freeman, Kenneth J. (Kenneth John)
Education, Greek
After this, little more is said of Kuros’ boyhood. He is next
introduced as a man of twenty-six, just put into command of a Persian
expedition to help Media against the Assyrians.[726] Henceforth
Xenophon’s object is no longer to point a moral, but to instruct
budding generals and princes in strategy and government. The remaining
books are a “Handbook of Tactics, with hints on the proper treatment
of inferiors”; so they fitly begin with a long lecture by Kuros’
father on the whole duty of a general.[727] There is, however, a good
deal of moral advice and occasional allegory interspersed amid the
tactics. For instance, a certain Gobruas came to dine with the Persian
army. “Seeing how plain the food was, he regarded the Persians as
rather _bourgeois_. But then he observed what good manners the guests
had. No educated Persian would allow himself to be seen staring at a
dish, or helping himself hurriedly, or acting at table without proper
deliberation. For they think it piggish to be excited by the presence
of food or drink. He noticed, too, that they never asked one another
questions which might cause pain, that their jests were never
malicious nor their wit rude, that everything that they did was in the
best taste, and that they never lost their tempers with one another.”
And so on. “Manners for men,” we might call it, by Xenophon.
A curiously interesting case of allegory, which well shows how
imaginary most of the history is, may be found in the third book.[728]
The son of the king of Armenia had had for a companion and tutor a
certain Sophist, of whose wisdom he was very proud. But his father
condemned the Sophist for corrupting[729] the boy. When he was being
led to execution, the man showed what a saint and hero he was by
calling the boy and saying, “Do not be angry with your father for
putting me to death. For it is no wicked purpose which makes him do
it, but only ignorance. All sins which men commit in ignorance I rank
as involuntary errors.” Later, the father confesses that he put the
Sophist to death for stealing away his son’s affections, “for I feared
that my boy might love him more than he loved me.” Kuros admits that
such jealousy is an explanation and regards it as pardonable.
The analogy to Sokrates is obvious to any one. The half-apology for
the Athenian people is very interesting in the mouth of the old
Socratic companion Xenophon.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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