[174] So Fabius Cunctator was called Hannibal’s paidagogos, because he followed him about everywhere. [175] There is only one for Lusis and his brothers (Plato, _Lus._ 223 A), for Medeia’s two children (Eur. _Med._), for two boys in _Lusis_, 223 A, and for Themistocles’ children (Herod. viii. 75). [176] Plato, _Lus._ 208 C. He is referred to as ὅδε [hode], showing that he is present. [177] Illustr. Plates I. A and I. B. Perhaps only the walking-stick carried by all Athenians. [178] Plato, _Lus._ 223 A. [179] Plut. _Education of Boys_. [180] Xen. _Constit. of Lak._ ii. 2. [181] Herod. viii. 75. [182] Aischin. _ag. Timarch._ 35. 10. [183] In the guardian’s accounts given by Lusias, _ag. Diogeiton_, 32. 28, a paidagogos is paid for till the boy is eighteen; but there was a younger brother, for whom he may have been required, so the elder may have been free earlier. In Plautus (_Bacch._ 138) we find a paidogogos in attendance till his charge was twenty. [184] Xen. _Constit. of Lak._ iii. 1. [185] Plato, _Rep._ 406 A. [186] Plato, _Protag._ 325 D. [187] Aischin. _ag. Timarch._ 9. [188] γυμνασιαρχής [gymnasiarchês]. See Excursus on γυμνασιαρχοί [gymnasiarchoi]. This law was totally neglected in Socratic Athens. See Plato’s _Lusis_. [189] Aischin. _ag. Timarch._ 10. The word σωφρονιστής [sôphronistês], in a general sense, occurs three times in Thucydides. [190] Deinarchos, _ag. Philokles_, 15. [191] Girard, _L’Éducation Athénienne_, pp. 51, 52. [192] The Archon Eponumos had the control of orphans and probably intervened if their education was neglected. [193] Aristoph. _Clouds_, 960 ff. [194] By Lamprokles (476 B.C.). [195] By Kudides (? = Kudias. Smyth, _Melic Poets_, p. 347). [196] Isok. _Areiop._ 149 C, D. [197] Plato, _Rep._ 563 A. [198] _Floruit_ 432 B.C. (in Athen. 18 C). [199] Xen. _Constit. of Lak._ ii. 1. [200] Xen. _Banquet_, iii. 13. [201] Herod. vi. 27. [202] Thuc. vii. 29. [203] Pol. iv. 20. 7. [204] Ael. _Var. Hist._ 7. 15. [205] Pausan. vi. 9. 6. [206] Athen. 604 a-b. CHAPTER III ATHENS AND THE REST OF HELLAS: PRIMARY EDUCATION We have seen that Primary Education in Hellas consisted of letters and music, with a contemporary training in gymnastics; to which triple course was added, late in the fourth century, drawing and painting. How the day was divided between mental and physical training is unknown――probably, like everything else, this varied with the taste of the individual――but the following sketch from Lucian,[207] although it belongs to a much later date, may perhaps give some idea of a schoolboy’s day:――