The feeling and taste for Greek culture which Lily, Erasmus, and others had introduced and encouraged, were promoted by the exertions of Sir John Cheke and Sir Thomas Smith at Cambridge, and by Dr. Kay or Caius; and a controversy, almost amounting to a quarrel, which Cheke had with Bishop Gardiner on Greek pronunciation, stimulated the movement by attracting public attention to the matter, and bringing into notice many Greek authors whose works had not hitherto been read. The literary contest between Cheke and Gardiner was printed abroad in 1555, and only eleven years later a paraphrase of the _Phœnissæ_ of Euripides by George Gascoigne and Francis Kinwelmersh was performed at Gray's Inn. III. The tract published by the learned John Kay in 1574 on the pronunciation of Greek and Latin is rather pertinent to the present movement for varying the old fashion in this respect. Kay instances the cases of substituting _olli_ for _illi_, _queis_ for _quibus_, _mareito_ for _marito_, _maxumè_ for _maximè_; and in Greek words, the ancients, says he, certainly said _Achilles_, _Tydes_, _Theses_, and _Ulisses_, not, as people sometimes now do, _Achillews_, _Tudews_, _Thesews_, and _Ulussews_. The author likewise refers to the employment of the aspirate in orthography, as in _hydropisis_, _thermæ_, _Bathonia_, and _Hybernia_, which used to be read _ydropisis_, _termæ_, _Batonia_, and _Ivernia_. He was clearly no advocate for the latter-day mode in England of hardening the _g_ and the _c_ as in _Regina_ and _Cicero_. But the fact is that, where there are no positive _data_ for fixing the standard or laying down any general principle, there can never be an end of the conflicting views and theories on this subject, and the best of them amount to little more than guess-work. The modes of pronouncing both the Greek and Latin languages have always probably varied, as they do yet, in different countries; and the Scots adhere to the Continental fashion as regards, at all events, the latter. Experience and practical observation seem to shew that every locality has a tendency to adapt its rules for sounding the dead tongues to those in force for sounding its current vocabulary; as a Roumanian lad, for instance, in learning Latin, will instinctively follow his native associations in giving utterance to diphthongs, vowels, and compound words. The Greek language, in respect to this point of view, occupies an anomalous position, because it enjoys a partial survivorship in the Neo-Hellenic dialect; and it has been natural to seek in the method employed by their modern representatives and descendants a key to that employed by the inhabitants of ancient Hellas in pronouncing words and particles, and, in short, to the grammatical laws by which their speech was regulated.