SCIENCE AND CULTURE AND OTHER ESSAYS [Illustration] SCIENCE AND CULTURE AND OTHER ESSAYS BY THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, LL.D., F.R.S. London MACMILLAN AND CO. AND NEW YORK 1888 _All rights reserved_ _First Edition printed 1881 Reprinted 1882, 1888._ PREFACE. The Addresses, Lectures, and Essays gathered together in this volume have appeared at intervals during the past seven years, and I can give no better reason for republishing them in their present form, than the fact that three earlier collections of a similar nature have been received with favour, and, indeed, have not yet ceased to be in request. I beg leave to offer my best thanks to the Editors and Publishers of the various publications in which these pieces have appeared, for their kindly accorded permission to reprint them. LONDON. _October 1881._ CONTENTS. I. SCIENCE AND CULTURE. An Address delivered at the Opening of Sir Josiah Mason’s Science College, at Birmingham, on the 1st of October 1880 Pages 1 to 23 II. UNIVERSITIES: ACTUAL AND IDEAL. The Inaugural Address of the Lord Rector of the University of Aberdeen, 27th February 1874.—_Contemporary Review_, 1874 24 to 64 III. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. An Address delivered to the Working Men’s Club and Institute, 1st December 1877.—_Nineteenth Century_, 1878 65 to 85 IV. ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION IN PHYSIOLOGY. Read at the Meeting of the Domestic Economy Congress at Birmingham, 1877 86 to 93 V. JOSEPH PRIESTLEY. An Address delivered on the occasion of the Presentation of a Statue of Priestley to the Town of Birmingham, on the 1st of August 1874.—_Macmillan’s Magazine_, 1874 94 to 127 VI. ON THE METHOD OF ZADIG. A Lecture delivered at the Working Men’s College, Great Ormond Street, 1880.—_Nineteenth Century_, 1880 128 to 148 VII. ON THE BORDER TERRITORY BETWEEN THE ANIMAL AND THE VEGETABLE KINGDOMS. An Evening Lecture at the Royal Institution, Friday, January 28, 1876.—_Macmillan’s Magazine_, 1874 149 to 179 VIII. ON CERTAIN ERRORS RESPECTING THE STRUCTURE OF THE HEART ATTRIBUTED TO ARISTOTLE. _Nature_, 6th November 1879 180 to 198 IX. ON THE HYPOTHESIS THAT ANIMALS ARE AUTOMATA, AND ITS HISTORY. An Address delivered at the Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Belfast, 1874.—_Fortnightly Review_, 1874 199 to 245 X. ON SENSATION AND THE UNITY OF STRUCTURE OF THE SENSIFEROUS ORGANS. An Evening Lecture at the Royal Institution, Friday, March 7, 1879.—_Nineteenth Century_, 1879 246 to 273 XI. EVOLUTION IN BIOLOGY.