Formerly new pastures were made by sowing the collected seeds from a hayloft, but as in modern farming no one in his senses would let his grass get ripe enough for seed before cutting, present practice necessitates the mixing of such seeds as may be considered best in suitable quantities for our purpose. We shall have, then, in this place to consider:— 1. The preparation of the land; 2. The kinds of seed best adapted for different places; and 3. The after-treatment of the new meadow. 1. The plan usually adopted in a preparation for grass seeds is that of sowing our mixture with the barley crop. Now this, in the case of a tenant who is not sure of his tenure, would obviously recommend itself; but to a proprietor wanting a quicker and surer result it offers many objections. We recommend, after turnips have been fed off on the land, to make the ground as level as possible, then harrow and roll smooth with an iron or wooden roller. Upon this surface our mixture should be carefully sown; then harrow with very light harrows just to cover the seed, and roll again. By this plan you start the seeds in good soil instead of in that from which you have carried off a crop of ripened grass, straw, and seed; but besides this, your grass will get a stronger constitution than when grown as seedlings amid taller plants, which draw up the “seeds,” and thus make them so weak and attenuated as scarcely to be able to withstand the rigour of winter—a matter of great consequence when our object is to get a vigorously-growing swarth quickly. 2. We come now to consider the kinds of seeds which should be sown; these, though few in number, will yet vary according to soil and situation. Our remark that few kinds of grasses are required in laying down for permanent pasture may surprise those who have seen the usual prescriptions for this purpose; but if we start in our selection by leaving out coarse grasses,—such, for instance, as _Phalaris canariensis_ (Reed Canary Grass), for damp meadows; annual forms, or at least not permanent ones, such as _Lolium Italicum_ (Italian Rye-grass); and useless varieties, as _Poa nemoralis sempervirens_, _Phleum pratense majus_, and the like,—we shall be then confined to as few species of grass as we shall ever find will form the best parts of our best meadows.