Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
If there be no one definite meaning to the geometrical relations of
distance, it is evident that the law of gravitation needs restatement.
For the formula expressing that law is that two particles attract each
other in proportion to the product of their masses and the inverse
square of their distances. This enunciation tacitly assumes that there
is one definite meaning to be ascribed to the instant at which the
attraction is considered, and also one definite meaning to be ascribed
to _distance_. But distance is a purely spatial notion, so that in the
new doctrine, there are an indefinite number of such meanings according
to the space-time system which you adopt. If the two particles are
relatively at rest, then we might be content with the space-time systems
which they are both utilising. Unfortunately this suggestion gives no
hint as to procedure when they are not mutually at rest. It is,
therefore, necessary to reformulate the law in a way which does not
presuppose any particular space-time system. Einstein has done this.
Naturally the result is more complicated. He introduced into
mathematical physics certain methods of pure mathematics which render
the formulae independent of the particular systems of measurement
adopted. The new formula introduces various small effects which are
absent in Newton’s law. But for the major effects Newton’s law and
Einstein’s law agree. Now these extra effects of Einstein’s law serve to
explain irregularities of the planet Mercury’s orbit which by Newton’s
law were inexplicable. This is a strong confirmation of the new theory.
Curiously enough, there is more than one alternative formula, based on
the new theory of multiple space-time systems, having the property of
embodying Newton’s law and in addition of explaining the peculiarities
of Mercury’s motion. The only method of selection between them is to
wait for experimental evidence respecting those effects on which the
formulae differ. Nature is probably quite indifferent to the aesthetic
preferences of mathematicians.
It only remains to add that Einstein would probably reject the theory of
multiple space-time systems which I have been expounding to you. He
would interpret his formula in terms of contortions in space-time which
alter the invariance theory for measure properties, and of the proper
times of each historical route. His mode of statement has the greater
mathematical simplicity, and only allows of one law of gravitation,
excluding the alternatives. But, for myself, I cannot reconcile it with
the given facts of our experience as to simultaneity, and spatial
arrangement. There are also other difficulties of a more abstract
character.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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