Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
At any epoch the assumptions of a science are giving way, when they
exhibit symptoms of the epicyclic state from which astronomy was rescued
in the sixteenth century. Physical science is now exhibiting such
symptoms. In order to reconsider its foundations, it must recur to a
more concrete view of the character of real things, and must conceive
its fundamental notions as abstractions derived from this direct
intuition. It is in this way that it surveys the general possibilities
of revision which are open to it.
The discontinuities introduced by the quantum theory require revision of
physical concepts in order to meet them. In particular, it has been
pointed out that some theory of discontinuous existence is required.
What is asked from such a theory, is that an orbit of an electron can be
regarded as a series of detached positions, and not as a continuous
line.
The theory of a primate or a vibrating pattern, given above, together
with the distinction between temporality and extensiveness in the
previous chapter, yields exactly this result. It will be remembered that
the continuity of the complex of events arises from the relationships of
extensiveness; whereas the temporality arises from the realisation in a
subject-event of a pattern which requires for its display that the whole
of a duration be spatialised (_i.e._, arrested), as given by its aspects
in the event. Thus realization proceeds _viâ_ a succession of epochal
durations; and the continuous transition, _i.e._, the organic
deformation, is within the duration which is already given. The
vibratory organic deformation is in fact the reiteration of the pattern.
One complete period defines the duration required for the complete
pattern. Thus the primate is realised atomically in a succession of
durations, each duration to be measured from one maximum to another.
Accordingly, so far as the primate as one enduring whole entity is to be
taken account of, it is to be assigned to these durations successively.
If it is considered as one thing, its orbit is to be diagrammatically
exhibited by a series of detached dots. Thus the locomotion of the
primate is discontinuous in space and time. If we go below the quanta of
time which are the successive vibratory periods of the primate, we find
a succession of vibratory electromagnetic fields, each stationary in the
space-time of its own duration. Each of these fields exhibits a single
complete period of the electromagnetic vibration which constitutes the
primate. This vibration is not to be thought of as the becoming of
reality; it is what the primate is in one of its discontinuous
realisations. Also the successive durations in which the primate is
realised are contiguous; it follows that the life history of the primate
can be exhibited as being the continuous development of occurrences in
the electromagnetic field. But these occurrences enter into realisation
as whole atomic blocks, occupying definite periods of time.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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