Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
with each such occasion, which I term its mode of ingression into that
occasion. Thus an eternal object is to be comprehended by acquaintance
with (i) its particular individuality, (ii) its general relationships to
other eternal objects as apt for realisation in actual occasions, and
(iii) the general principle which expresses its ingression in particular
actual occasions.
Footnote 16:
_Cf._ my _Principles of Natural Knowledge_, Ch. V, Sec. 13.
These three headings express two principles. The first principle is that
each eternal object is an individual which, in its own peculiar fashion,
is what it is. This particular individuality is the individual essence
of the object, and cannot be described otherwise than as being itself.
Thus the individual essence is merely the essence considered in respect
to its uniqueness. Further, the essence of an eternal object is merely
the eternal object considered as adding its own unique contribution to
each actual occasion. This unique contribution is identical for all such
occasions in respect to the fact that the object in all modes of
ingression is just its identical self. But it varies from one occasion
to another in respect to the differences of its modes of ingression.
Thus the metaphysical status of an eternal object is that of a
possibility for an actuality. Every actual occasion is defined as to its
character by how these possibilities are actualised for that occasion.
Thus actualisation is a selection among possibilities. More accurately,
it is a selection issuing in a gradation of possibilities in respect to
their realisation in that occasion. This conclusion brings us to the
second metaphysical principle: An eternal object, considered as an
abstract entity, cannot be divorced from its reference to other eternal
objects, and from its reference to actuality generally; though it is
disconnected from its actual modes of ingression into definitive actual
occasions. This principle is expressed by the statement that each
eternal object has a ‘relational essence.’ This relational essence
determines how it is possible for the object to have ingression into
actual occasions.
In other words: If _A_ be an eternal object, then what _A_ is in itself
involves _A’s_ status in the universe, and _A_ cannot be divorced from
this status. In the essence of _A_ there stands a determinateness as to
the relationships of _A_ to other eternal objects, and an
indeterminateness as to the relationships of _A_ to actual occasions.
Since the relationships of _A_ to other eternal objects stand
determinately in the essence of _A_, it follows that they are internal
relations. I mean by this that these relationships are constitutive of
_A_; for an entity which stands in internal relations has no being as an
entity not in these relations. In other words, once with internal
relations, always with internal relations. The internal relationships of
_A_ conjointly form its significance.
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