Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
In any actual occasion α, there will be a group _g_ of simple eternal
objects which are ingredient in that group in the most concrete mode.
This complete ingredience in an occasion, so as to yield the most
complete fusion of individual essence with other eternal objects in the
formation of the individual emergent occasion, is evidently of its own
kind and cannot be defined in terms of anything else. But it has a
peculiar characteristic which necessarily attaches to it. This
characteristic is that there is an _infinite_ abstractive hierarchy
based upon _g_ which is such that all its members are equally involved
in this complete inclusion in α.
The existence of such an infinite abstractive hierarchy is what is meant
by the statement that it is impossible to complete the description of an
actual occasion by means of concepts. I will call this infinite
abstractive hierarchy which is associated with α ‘the associated
hierarchy of α.’ It is also what is meant by the notion of the
connectedness of an actual occasion. This connectedness of an occasion
is necessary for its synthetic unity and for its intelligibility. There
is a connected hierarchy of concepts applicable to the occasion,
including concepts of all degrees of complexity. Also in the actual
occasion, the individual essences of the eternal objects involved in
these complex concepts achieve an aesthetic synthesis, productive of the
occasion as an experience for its own sake. This associated hierarchy is
the shape, or pattern, or form, of the occasion in so far as the
occasion is constituted of what enters into its full realisation.
Some confusion of thought has been caused by the fact that abstraction
from possibility runs in the opposite direction to an abstraction from
actuality, so far as degree of abstractness is concerned. For evidently
in describing an actual occasion α, we are nearer to the total concrete
fact when we describe α by predicating of it some member of its
associated hierarchy, which is of a high grade of complexity. We have
then said more about α. Thus, with a high grade of complexity we gain in
approach to the full concreteness of α, and with a low grade we lose in
this approach. Accordingly the simple eternal objects represent the
extreme of abstraction from an actual occasion; whereas simple eternal
objects represent the minimum of abstraction from the realm of
possibility. It will, I think, be found that, when a high degree of
abstraction is spoken of, abstraction from the realm of possibility is
what is usually meant—in other words, an elaborate logical construction.
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