Science and the modern worldWhitehead, Alfred North
Religion
Science and the modern world
Whitehead, Alfred North
Science
Nature exhibits itself as exemplifying a philosophy of
the evolution of organisms subject to determinate conditions. Examples
of such conditions are the dimensions of space, the laws of nature, the
determinate enduring entities, such as atoms and electrons, which
exemplify these laws. But the very nature of these entities, the very
nature of their spatiality and temporality, should exhibit the
arbitrariness of these conditions as the outcome of a wider evolution
beyond nature itself, and within which nature is but a limited mode.
One all-pervasive fact, inherent in the very character of what is real
is the transition of things, the passage one to another. This passage is
not a mere linear procession of discrete entities. However we fix a
determinate entity, there is always a narrower determination of
something which is presupposed in our first choice. Also there is always
a wider determination into which our first choice fades by transition
beyond itself. The general aspect of nature is that of evolutionary
expansiveness. These unities, which I call events, are the emergence
into actuality of something. How are we to characterise the something
which thus emerges? The name ‘_event_’ given to such a unity, draws
attention to the inherent transitoriness, combined with the actual
unity. But this abstract word cannot be sufficient to characterise what
the fact of the reality of an event is in itself. A moment’s thought
shows us that no one idea can in itself be sufficient. For every idea
which finds its significance in each event must represent something
which contributes to what realisation is in itself. Thus no one word can
be adequate. But conversely, nothing must be left out. Remembering the
poetic rendering of our concrete experience, we see at once that the
element of value, of being valuable, of having value, of being an end in
itself, of being something which is for its own sake, must not be
omitted in any account of an event as the most concrete actual
something. ‘Value’ is the word I use for the intrinsic reality of an
event. Value is an element which permeates through and through the
poetic view of nature. We have only to transfer to the very texture of
realisation in itself that value which we recognise so readily in terms
of human life. This is the secret of Wordsworth’s worship of nature.
Realization therefore is in itself the attainment of value. But there is
no such thing as mere value. Value is the outcome of limitation. The
definite finite entity is the selected mode which is the shaping of
attainment; apart from such shaping into individual matter of fact there
is no attainment. The mere fusion of all that there is would be the
nonentity of indefiniteness. The salvation of reality is its obstinate,
irreducible, matter-of-fact entities, which are limited to be no other
than themselves. Neither science, nor art, nor creative action can tear
itself away from obstinate, irreducible, limited facts. The endurance of
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