[Illustration: FIG. 76.—Three views of the skull-top from near Elberfeld on the Rhine, known as the Neanderthal skull—(Middle Pleistocene, Moustierian, or last Glacial Period: epoch of the Mammoth). These figures are partly copied by kind permission of Mr. Worthington G. Smith, F.L.S., from excellent figures published by him in his interesting book, _Man, the Primitive Savage_ (Stanford, 1899). In all respects the measurements of this skull-top agree very closely with those of the skull from the Chapelle-aux-Saints. _A._ A view from in front. _B._ Side view showing the line _a-b_, and the other lines, _a-c_, _d_, _e_, and _f_, exactly as in Fig. 65. The shallowness of the cranial dome and the small projection of the frontal boss _d_, agree exactly with the measurements of the Chapelle skull shown in Fig. 65. _C._ View of the skull-top from below. This gives the outline of the Neander-man’s skull as seen from above, and shows the curious vizor-like expansion of the ridges over the orbits, the pinching in just behind them, and the elongate shape of the skull, with its great breadth in the hinder region. The French skull from the Chapelle agrees exactly in outline with this, and in both the volume of the cranial cavity given by this large expanse amounts to 1600 cubic centimetres, in spite of the flatness of the cranial dome—a greater volume than that of the Cromagnon skull drawn in Fig. 75, or of the average modern European.] In the cave-deposits of the Post-Glacial or Reindeer Age, the human skulls and skeletons which have been found (not indicating more than thirty or forty individuals altogether from widely separate localities) show a very well-developed race, with large brain-case (Fig. 75), quite equal to that of modern Europeans. Some of these men were very tall, one of the skeletons from the Mentone caves being that of a man 6 ft. 3½ in. in height. The cavity of the skull (which corresponds very closely in size with that of the brain which it contained) would hold about 1550 units of water (the unit referred to is a cubic centimetre, 1550 of which are equal to a little less than two and a half English pints). It is not surprising that these Reindeer Men had fine brains, for their carvings and pictures show them to have been real artists, not mere savage scrawlers. This race is called the “Cromagnards,” after the first skulls discovered at Cromagnon, in Central France. They had big, strong lower jaws, with prominent chins, like many fine modern races (_e.g._ the New Zealanders), and fine, narrow noses. The face and upper jaws were somewhat prominent, though not nearly so much so as in modern negroes. The skull-bones were thick and strong. The brain-case or cranial part of the skull was oblong rather than round.