[Illustration: FIG. 77.—The Gibraltar skull from a cave in Gibraltar, now preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, London. It is of the Neander race. Compare the dotted lines and lettering with those of Fig. 65, and the explanation there given. The drawing is one-third (linear) of the natural size.] The skulls of the older race—that of the Last Glacial or Moustierian Age—the Neander Men, were long skulls, too, but had a peculiarly flattened shape and a retreating forehead. The bony ridges over the eyes, corresponding to the eyebrows, were enormous, and projected forwards like the vizor of a cap (Figs. 65, 76, and 77). There are but few specimens to guide our conclusions, but they show that though of short stature (some not more than 5 ft. 4 in.), these people were very muscular. The top of a skull from the cave in the Neander Valley, known as the Neanderthal skull, two imperfect skulls from the cave of Spy, in Belgium, an imperfect skull from Brunn, in Moravia, and other fragments from Krapina, in Croatia, and, lastly, one from a cave in Gibraltar, are the best known. Others, including fragments of several skeletons less fully described, which have been found at Predmost, in Moravia, probably belong to this race. But the newly obtained skull and bones from the centre of France (Chapelle-aux-Saints) are the most important of all yet discovered. They all date from the middle Pleistocene period, the age of the last great glaciers, earlier than the age of the Reindeer. The Gibraltar skull (Fig. 77) we have all known for a long time; it has been in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons for forty years, and two years ago was very carefully examined and figured by Professor Sollas, of Oxford. It is a specially valuable specimen, because it shows the bones of the face as well as the brain-case. From other specimens we know the lower jaw. The lower jaw was deep and powerful, but, like that of an ape, had a receding chin, or rather, we should say, had no “chin-prominence” at all (compare Figs. 79, 80, 81, and 82). The new French specimen (Fig. 65) is strongly prognathous. The orbits are enormous, and the nose very flat and quite unique in its great breadth. One of the two Neander-man skulls from the Belgian cave of Spy shows the face bones, and these agree with what has just been stated as to the French skull.