Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Victoria Woosley and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net [Illustration] SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 1157 NEW YORK, March 5, 1898. Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XLV., No. 1157. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. * * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE I. ARCHAEOLOGY.--Requirements of Palestine Explorer 18489 II. BIOGRAPHY.--Emperor William II. of Germany.--An interesting biographical account of the German Emperor, with his latest portrait.--1 illustration 18486 III. CIVIL ENGINEERING.--Heat in Great Tunnels 18492 IV. ECONOMICS.--Causes of Poverty 18490 V. ELECTRICITY.--Liquid Rheostats.--By H. S. WEBB 18498 The Neutral Use of Cables 18489 VI. ETHNOLOGY.--The Influence of Scenery upon the Character of Man 18488 VII. FORESTRY.--Apparatus for Obtaining the Cubature of Trees.--3 illustrations 18493 VIII. GYMNASTICS.--A Novel Way of Riding a Bicycle. --1 illustration 18489 IX. HYDROGRAPHY.--Influence of Ocean Currents on Climate 18490 X. LANDSCAPE GARDENING.--Park Making 18490 XI. MARINE ENGINEERING.--The Newfoundland and Nova Scotia Passenger Steamer "Bruce."--1 illustration 18492 XII. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.--Machine Moulding without Stripping Plates.--By E. H. MUMFORD.--A full description of an ingenious moulding machine.--7 illustrations 18494 XIII. MEDICINE.--The Progress of Medical Education in the United States 18499 Deaths under Anaesthetics 18499 XIV. MISCELLANEOUS: Engineering Notes 18491 Miscellaneous Notes 18491 Selected Formulae 18491 XV. NATURAL HISTORY.--Tapirs in the Zoological Garden at Breslau.--1 illustration 18488 XVI. STEAM ENGINEERING.--An English Steam Fire Engine. --1 illustration 18493 XVII. TRAVEL AND EXPLORATION.--My Recent Journey from the Nile to Suakim.--By FREDERIC VILLIERS.--The advance to Khartoum.--An important account of the recent travels of the celebrated war correspondent. 18486