There appeared next a method of dyeing bases upon different principles. The work of M. Schützenberger (1864) speaks of the use of sulpho-conjugated fatty acids for the fixation of aniline colors. In England, for a number of years, dyed-reds had been padded in soap-baths and afterwards steamed to brighten the red. In 1867, Braun and Cordier, of Rouen, exhibited Turkey reds dyed in five days. The pieces were passed through aluminate of soda at 18° B., then through ammonium chloride, washed, dyed with garancin, taken through an oil-bath, dried and steamed for an hour, and were finally cleared in the ordinary manner for Turkey-reds. The oil-bath was prepared by treating olive-oil with nitric acid. This preparation, invented by Hirn, was applied since 1846 by Braun (Braun and Cordier). Since 1849, Gros, Roman, and Marozeau, of Wesserling, printed fine furniture styles by block upon pieces previously taken through sulpholeic acid. When the pieces were steamed and washed the reds and roses were superior to the old dyed reds and roses produced at the cost of many sourings and soapings. Certain makers of aniline colors sold mixtures ready prepared for printing which were known to contain sulpholeic acids. There was thus an idea in the air that sulpholeic acid, under the influence of steam, formed brilliant and solid lakes with coloring matters. These facts detract in nothing from the merit of M. Horace Koechlin, who combined these scattered data into a true discovery. The original process may be summed up under the following heads: Printing or padding with an aluminous mordant, which is fixed and cleaned in the usual manner; dyeing in alizarin for reds with addition of calcium acetate; padding in sulpholeic acid and drying; steaming and soaping. The process was next introduced into England, whence it returned with the following modifications; in place of olive-oil or oleic acid, castor oil was used, as cheaper, and the number of operations was reduced. Castor oil, modified by sulphuric acid, can be introduced at once into the dye-beck, so that the fixation of the coloring matter as the lake of a fatty acid is effected in a single operation. The dyeing was then followed by steaming and soaping.