Produced by Olaf Voss, Don Kretz, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. [Illustration] SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 288 NEW YORK, JULY 9, 1881 Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XI, No. 288. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. * * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS--Dry Air Refrigerating Machine. 5 figures. Plan, elevation, and diagrams of a new English dry air refrigerator Thomas' Improved Steam Wheel. 1 figure The American Society of Civil Engineers. Address of President Francis, at the Thirteenth Annual Convention, at Montreal. The Water Power of the United States, and its Utilization II. TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY.--Alcohol in Nature. Its presence in earth, atmosphere, and water. 6 figures. Distillatory apparatus and (magnified) iodoform crystals from snow water, from rain water, from vegetable mould, etc. Detection of Alcohol in Transparent Soaps. By H. JAY On the Calorific Power of Fuel, and on Thompson's Calorimeter. By J.W. THOMAS Explosion as an Unknown Fire Hazard. A suggestive review of the conditions of explosions, with curious examples Carbon. Symbol C. Combining weight. 12. By T. A. POOLEY Second article on elementary chemistry written for brewers Manufacture of Soaps and their Production. By W. J. MENZIES The Preparation of Perfume Pomades. 1 figure. "Ensoufflage" apparatus for perfumes Organic Matter in Sea Water Bacteria Life. Influence of heat and various gases and chemical compounds on bacteria life On the Composition of Elephant's Milk. By Dr. CHAS. A. DOREMUS. Comparison of elephant's milk with that of ten other mammals The Chemical Composition of Rice. Maize, and Barley. By J. STEINER Petroleum Oils. Character and properties of the various distillates of crude petroleum. Fire risks attending the use of the lighter petroleum oils Composition of the Petroleum of the Caucasus. By P. SCHULZENBERGER and N. TONINE Notes on Cananga Oil. or Ilang-Ilang Oil. By F. A. FLÜCKIGER. 1 figure. Flower and leaf of Cananga odorata Chian Turpentine, and the Tree which Produces It. By Dr. STIEPOWICH. of Chios, Turkey On the Change of Volume which Accompanies the Galvanic Deposition of a Metal. By M. E. BOUTY Analysis of the Rice Soils of Burmah. By R. ROMANIC, Chemical Examiner, British Burmah