Scientific American Supplement, No. 324, March 18, 1882Various
Science
Scientific American Supplement, No. 324, March 18, 1882
Various
Science -- Periodicals
In Cuba reptiles hibernate between 7° and 24° Cent., according to the
species. In warmer countries, snakes, lizards, frogs, etc., fall into a
state called chill coma that precisely resembles winter sleep, but their
temperature is far above that at which hibernating animals of the north
are still active. The state of hibernation is not the direct result of
an extreme of heat or cold, but rather is caused by a departure from the
optimum. In the snail its normal temperature is about the same as the
water, and being a poor heat producer it is not surprising that when
the water grows colder the animal is forced to succumb; but it is
a remarkable fact that warm-blooded animals like many of the
above-mentioned, whose bodies are maintained by internal processes at a
high temperature of 26° to 38°, are incapable of resisting the lowering
influence of cold. The fall in temperature in some is wonderful; as an
example, the high body temperature of warm-blooded animals may be said
to oscillate between 36° and 43° Cent. (this includes man). Experiments
made with the zizel show that during hibernation this animal's
temperature is only 2° Cent., the lowest known; and a thermometer
introduced into the animal indicated the same, showing that warm-blooded
animals in hibernating become truly cold blooded animals. If a rabbit's
temperature reaches 15° Cent., it will die. The germs of bryozoa or of
the fresh water sponges resist any amount of cold, but the full grown
forms die at the first cold turn. Insects are destroyed, but their eggs
live, though of the greatest possible delicacy. Salmon eggs have been
carried from this State to Australia, and there hatched. In fact, some
animals live in the ice, as the glacier flea and several others.
As it is not the direct result of extremes of heat or cold that produces
sleep, neither is the awakening from hibernation directly caused by
a rise of temperature. In experiments made upon weasels, which are
sometimes caught asleep, one came to life in about three hours, during
which the temperature of the room remained the same as it had been
during the entire hibernation, viz., 10° Cent. In another weasel, during
the awakening, the body temperature rose very rapidly--and more so in
the second part of the period than in the first. In the first hour and
fifty-five minutes of the awakening the body temperature rose 6.6° Cent,
and in the following fifty minutes it rose 17° Cent. This remarkable
increase took place without any vigorous movements on the part of the
weasel. Even its breathing showed no increase in proportion to the rise.
These cases show that though, at certain seasons, animals relax as it
were and lie dormant, and recover, seemingly at the will of the weather,
yet, in point of fact, the rise and fall of temperature has no direct
effect upon them. The cause is an internal one, awaiting discovery.--C.
F. HOLDER, in _Forest and Stream_.
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