_Machine to be Operated by a Motor_ (Fig. 3).--This machine, although working on the same principle, is of an entirely different construction. It is designed for binding books of all dimensions. It consists of a frame, _a_, in two pieces, connected by cross-pieces, and carries a table, _u_, designed to receive the sheets before being bound together. Motion is transmitted by means of a cone, _c_, mounted loose on the shaft, _b_. To start the machine, the foot is pressed on the pedal, _m_, which, through the intermedium of links and arms, brings together the friction plates, _d_, one of which is connected with the shaft, _b_, and the other with the cone, _c_. When it is desired to stop the machine, the pedal is left free to itself, while the counterpoise, _s_, ungears the friction plates. The machine fastens the paper with galvanized iron wire wound round bobbins placed at the side of the apparatus. This wire it cuts, and forms into staples. [Illustration: FIG. 2.] The book to be bound is placed on the support, _h_, and the arms, _k_, that carry the fasteners cause it to move backward and forward. It also undergoes a second motion--that is, it moves downward according to the number and thickness of its pages. This motion, which takes place every time the operator adds a new sheet, is regulated by a cog-wheel register, _l_, which is divided, and provided with a needle. The iron wires pass from the bobbins on a support to the left of the machine by means of feed rollers, which thrust them through the eight clips. In the interior of these latter there is a double knife, which, actuated by one of the cams of the wheel, _e_, cuts the wire and bends it thus [Inline Illustration]. The extremities of the staples are thrust through the back of the half opened leaves, and then bent toward each other thus [Inline Illustration], by the front fastener. This motion is effected by means of two levers, _p_ (moved by the cams, _e_), whose extremities at every revolution of the machine seize by the two ends a link that maneuvers the fasteners. The binding of one sheet finished, the lower arms of the machine again take their position, the wires move forward the length necessary to form new staples, a new sheet is laid, and the same operation is proceeded with. The number of staples and their distance are changed, according to the size of the book, by introducing into the machine as much wire as will be necessary for the staples. To prevent their number from increasing the thickness of the back of the book (as would happen were they superposed), the support, _h_, moves laterally at every blow, so as to cause the third staple to be driven over the first, the second over the fourth, etc. * * * * * FLUMES AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION.