[Illustration] Scientific American Supplement No. 415 NEW YORK, DECEMBER 15, 1883 Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XVI, No. 415. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.--Carbon in Steel. Heat developed in Forging. Recent Studies on the Constitution of Alkaloids.--Extract from a lecture delivered before the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. --By SAML.P. SADTLER. II. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.--Apparatus for Extracting Starch from Potatoes.--With engraving. A Simple Apparatus for describing Ellipses.--By Prof. E.J. HALLOCK. 1 figure. A Novel Propeller Engine.--With full description and numerous engravings.--By Prof. MACCORD. The New Russian Torpedo Boat, the Poti.--With engraving. A New Steamer Propelled by Hydraulic Reaction--Figures showing plan and side views of the steamer. A New Form of Flexible Band Dynamometer.--By Prof. W.C. UNWIN. 4 figures. III. TECHNOLOGY.--Enlarging on Argentic Paper and Opals.--By A. GOODALL. The Manufacture and Characteristics of Photographic Lenses. Improved Developers for Gelatine Plates.--By DR. EDER. The Preparation of Lard for Use in Pharmacy.--By Prof. REDWOOD. Anti-Corrosion Paint. Manufacture of Charcoal in Kilns.--Different kilns used. IV. ART, ARCHITECTURE, AND ARCHÆOLOGY.--The German National Monument.--With two engravings of the statues of Peace and War. The Art Aspects of Modern Dress. Artisans' Dwellings, Hornsey, London.--With engraving. Discovery of Ancient Church In Jerusalem. V. ELECTRICITY, HEAT. ETC.--See's Gas Stove.--With engraving. Rectification of Alcohol by Electricity. 3 engravings showing Apparatus for Hydrogenizing Impure Spirits. Electrolyzing Apparatus, and Arrangement of the Siemens Machine. VI. GEOLOGY.--On the Mineralogical Localities in and around New York City.--By NELSON H. DARTON. VII. NATURAL HISTORY.--The Zoological Society's Gardens, London.--With full page engravings showing the new Reptile House, and the Babiroussa family. VIII. HORTICULTURE.--The Kauri Pine--Damarra Australis.-- With engraving. How to Successfully Transplant Trees. IX. MEDICINE, HYGIENE, ETC.--On the Treatment of Congestive Headache.--By Dr. J.L. CORNING. The Use of the Mullein Plant in the Treatment of Pulmonary Consumption.--By Dr. J.B. QUINLAN. Action of Mineral Waters and of Hot Water upon the Bile. Vivisection.--Apparatus Used.--Full page of engravings. Insanity from Alcohol.--Intemperance a fruitful as well as inexhaustible source for the increase of insanity.--By Dr. A. BAER, Berlin. Plantain as a Styptic.--By J.W. COLCORD. Danger from Flies.