Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Josephine Paolucci and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net [Illustration] SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 443. NEW YORK, JUNE 28, 1884. Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XVII., No. 443. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. * * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.--Beeswax and its Adulterations. --Chemical ingredients.--Detection of adulterations. 7064 Phenol in the Stem, Leaves, and Cones of Pinus Sylvestris. --A discovery bearing on the flora of the Carboniferous epoch and the formation of petroleum. 7065 The School of Physics and Chemistry of Paris.--With engraving of laboratory. 7065 Some Relations of Heat to Voltaic and Thermo Electric Action of Metals in Electrolysis.--By G. GORE. 7070 II. ENGINEERING, MECHANICS, ETC.--Air Refrigerating Machine.--5 figures. 7071 A Gas Radiator and Heater. 7071 Concrete Water Pipes. 7071 The Sellers Standard System of Screw Threads. Nuts, and Bolt Heads.--A table. 7072 An English Railway Ferry Boat.--3 figures. 7072 The Problem of Flight and the Flying Machine. 7072 III. TECHNICAL.--Concrete Buildings for Farms.--How to construct them. 7063 What Causes Paint to Blister and Peel?--How to prevent it. 7063 Olive Oil.--Difficulties encountered in raising an olive crop.--Process of making Oil. 7064 IV. ELECTRICITY. ETC.--Telephony and Telegraphy on the Same Wires Simultaneously.--4 figures. 7067 The Electric Marigraph.--An apparatus for measuring the height of the tide.--With engravings and diagrams showing the Siemens and Halske marigraph and the operation of the same. 7068 Delune & Co.'s System of Laying Underground Cables.--2 figures. 7069 Electricity Applied to Horseshoeing.--Quieting an unruly animal.--3 engravings. 7069 Esteve's Automatic Pile.--1 figure. 7070 Woodward's Diffusion Motor. 7070 V. ASTRONOMY.--Lunar Heat.--Its reflected and obscure heat.--Trifling influence of the moon upon wind and weather.--By Prof. C.A. YOUNG. 7073