Scientific American Supplement, No. 795, March 28, 1891Various
History
Scientific American Supplement, No. 795, March 28, 1891
Various
Science -- Periodicals
In order to test this, the following experiment was made for the
author by Mr. W.F. Bourne. A Gramme alternator was coupled to the low
pressure coil of a transformer, and a hot wire voltmeter put across
the primary circuit. On putting a condenser on the high pressure
circuit, the voltmeter wire fused. The possibility of making an
alternator excite itself like a series machine, by putting a condenser
on it, was pointed out. Prof. Perry said it would seem possible to
obtain energy from an alternator without exciting the magnets
independently, the field being altogether due to the armature
currents. Mr. Swinburne remarked that this could be done by making the
rotating magnets a star-shaped mass of iron. Sir W. Thomson thought
Mr. Swinburne's estimate of the loss in the Deptford mains was rather
high. He himself had calculated the power spent in charging them, and
found it to be about 16 horse power, and although a considerable
fraction might be lost, it would not amount to nine-sixteenths. He was
surprised to hear that glass condensers heated, and inquired whether
this heating was due to flashes passing between the foil and the
glass. Mr. A.P. Trotter said Mr. Ferranti informed him that the
capacity of his mains was about 1/3 microfarad per mile, thus making
2-1/3 microfarads for the seven miles. The heaping up of the potential
only took place when transformers were used, and not when the dynamos
were connected direct. In the former case the increase of volts was
proportional to the length of main used, and 8,500 at Deptford gave
10,000 at London.
Mr. Blakesley described a simple method of determining the loss of
power in a condenser by the use of three electrodynamometers, one of
which has its coils separate. Of these coils, one is put in the
condenser circuit, and the other in series with a non-inductive
resistance r, shutting the condenser. If a_{2} be the reading of a
dynamometer in the shunt circuit, and a_{3} that of the divided
dynamometer, the power lost is given by r (Ca_{3} - Ba_{2}) where B and
C are the constants of the instruments on which a_{2} and a_{3} are
the respective readings. Prof. S.P. Thompson asked if Mr. Swinburne
had found any dielectric which had no absorption. So far as he was
aware, pure quartz crystal was the only substance. Prof. Forbes said
Dr. Hopkinson had found a glass which showed none. Sir William
Thomson, referring to the same subject, said that many years ago he
made some tests on glass bottles, which showed no appreciable
absorption. Sulphuric acid was used for the coatings, and he found
them to be completely discharged by an instantaneous contact of two
balls. The duration of contact would, according to some remarkable
mathematical work done by Hertz in 1882, be about 0.0004 second, and
even this short time sufficed to discharge them completely.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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