Produced by Juliet Sutherland and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team at www.pgdp.net [Illustration] SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT NO. 819 NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 12, 1891. Scientific American Supplement. Vol. XXXII, No. 819. Scientific American established 1845 Scientific American Supplement, $5 a year. Scientific American and Supplement, $7 a year. * * * * * TABLE OF CONTENTS. I. ASTRONOMY.--The Story of the Universe.--By Dr. WILLIAM HUGGINS.--A valuable account of modern views of the formation of the universe, and of modern methods of studying the problem.--1 illustration. II. ELECTRICITY.--The Production of Hydrogen and Oxygen through the Electrolysis of Water.--A valuable paper on the electrolysis of water on a large scale, with apparatus employed therefor.--4 illustrations. III. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.--An English Steam Fire Engine.--A light fire engine built for East Indian service.--1 illustration. IV. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.--A Case of Drowning, with Resuscitation.--By F.A. BURRALL, M.D.--A full account of a remarkable case of resuscitation from drowning, with full details of treatment. V. METALLURGY.--How Gas Cylinders are Made.--The manufacture of cylinders for highly compressed gases, a comparatively new and growing industry.--6 illustrations. Refining Silver Bullion.--The Gutzkow process in refining silver bullion with sulphuric acid.--1 illustration. The Treatment of Refractory Ores.--A new process for the extraction of metal from refractory ore.--1 illustration. Weldless Steel Chains.--An exhaustive examination of this curious process, and very full illustrations.--43 illustrations. VI. METEOROLOGY.--Climatic Changes in the Southern Hemisphere. --By C.A.M. TABER.--Causes of the climatic changes the southern hemisphere has undergone. VII. MILITARY TACTICS.--The System of Military Dove Cotes in Europe.--Continuation of this paper, treating of the pigeon service in France, Germany, and Italy. VIII. NAVAL ENGINEERING.--The Isle of Man Twin Screw Steamer Tynwald.--A high speed steamer, with a steady sea-going speed of between 18 and 19 knots.--2 illustrations. IX. TECHNOLOGY.--Ammonia.--The manufacture of ammoniacal gas for technical uses.--Full details of its production. Musical Instruments.--Their construction and capabilities.--By A.J. HIPKINS.--Second installment of this highly interesting series of lectures treating of different kinds of instruments. Note on Refrigerating Apparatus. Sheet Glass from Molten Metal.--The method of making sheets of glass from the molten material and manufacture of metal plates by the same method.