SCOTLAND UNDER HER EARLY KINGS. PRINTED BY R. & R. CLARK FOR EDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS, EDINBURGH. LONDON HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND CO. CAMBRIDGE MACMILLAN AND CO. DUBLIN W. ROBERTSON. GLASGOW JAMES MACLEHOSE. [Illustration: THE EARLY KINGDOM. _J.Bartholomew Edin. F.R.G.S._ EDMONSTON & DOUGLAS, EDINBURGH] SCOTLAND UNDER HER EARLY KINGS A HISTORY OF THE KINGDOM TO THE CLOSE OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY BY E. WILLIAM ROBERTSON VOL. I. EDINBURGH EDMONSTON AND DOUGLAS 1862 PREFACE. The present work has no pretensions to anything beyond being an attempt at supplying a hiatus in the history of Scotland which has hitherto been left unfilled. By the few historians who, in days gone by, devoted their attention to the subject, the earlier portion of Scottish history, more especially the period before the reign of Malcolm Ceanmore, seems to have been tacitly abandoned as a battleground for theorists--a sort of debateable land upon which they attacked or defended their various systems, wielding their feathered weapons with quite as much hostility as ever Pict, Scot, or Attacot displayed in actual combat, though (perhaps more fortunately for themselves than for their readers) without similarly fatal consequences. In the company of these enthusiasts I first endeavoured to trace out the history of the past, until, dissatisfied with my guides, I turned to chartulary and chronicle, with the result which is now before the reader. I feel that an apology may be needed for the length and number of the Appendices, some of which will, perhaps, appear at first sight to have but little reference to the history of Scotland. Many questions, however, had to be discussed, many points to be raised or settled, which, though possessing little interest for the general reader, could not be passed over altogether; and such discussions, accordingly, I decided upon consigning to the Appendix. It will also be found that I have, not unfrequently, wandered from the beaten track; and wherever I have differed from usually received opinions I have felt bound to record my reasons for doing so. The remaining Appendices, though they may occasionally be devoted to questions comparatively foreign to Scottish history, embody the reasons which have guided me in forming many of my conclusions. I am very far from implying that it would have been impossible to write the early history of Scotland without entering upon the subjects of which they treat; I only plead my own inability to do so.