A FRIGATE IN CHASE—GOING FREE 100 THE HEAD OF A 74-GUN SHIP, WITH DRAWING OF SPRITSAIL YARD 112 TWO OF NELSON’S SAILORS 120 TWO OF NELSON’S SAILORS 126 A HORSE MARINE 138 A FRIGATE IN CHASE, BEFORE THE WIND 140 THE LEE ROLL 150 A FLOGGING AT THE GANGWAY 160 LIEUTENANT BLOCKHEAD KEEPING THE MORNING WATCH 186 H.M.S. “VENERABLE” AT ANCHOR 200 SEA LIFE IN NELSON’S TIME CHAPTER I Ship designing, building, sheathing, and rigging—The external decorations and appearance—The internal arrangements, deck by deck—The orlop and hold The ships in which Nelson went to sea were designed by master-shipwrights, in large sheds or studios known as “mould-lofts.” There was a mould-loft in all the royal dockyards, near the dry docks or building slips. On the floor of a mould-loft the master-shipwrights drew the plans of their ships, at the full size of the intended vessel. On the walls, which were of great height, they chalked out their side elevations, from the keel to the prospective water-line, and from the water-line to the top of the poop-railings or hammock nettings, the parts farthest from the sea when the ship was afloat. Having chalked out their plans, and “laid down” their ships to their satisfaction, they gave orders for the timber to be cut in accordance with their designs. The work of building was then begun at that royal yard to which the mould-loft was attached. The chief yards were those at Chatham, Deptford, Plymouth, and Woolwich. The smaller ships were built on slips or launches, which sloped down to the water’s edge. Large ships, or first-rates, designed to carry 100 guns, were generally built in dry dock, and floated out when completed by the admission of water. The keel or backbone of the ship, the first wood to be placed in position, was “laid down” upon oak blocks distant some four or five feet from each other. The keel was generally of thick elm timbers, placed lengthways, which were “scarfed together,” bolted and clinched at the sides. Under this keel, and to each side of it, in some ships, was placed a false keel of elm, lightly secured by copper staples. This false keel protected the main keel if the ship grounded. On this backbone or groundwork the hull of the ship was built.