=39. Red Spruce= (_Picea rubens_). Medium-sized tree, generally associated with _Picea nigra_ and occurs scattered throughout the northern pineries. Heartwood reddish; sapwood lighter color, straight-grained, compact structure. Wood light, soft, not strong, elastic, resonant, not durable when exposed. Used for flooring, carpentry, shipbuilding, piles, posts, railway ties, paddles, oars, sounding boards, paper pulp, and musical instruments. Montana to Pacific, British America. BASTARD SPRUCE Spruce or fir in name, but resembling hard pine or larch in appearance, quality and uses of its wood. =40. Douglas Spruce= (_Pseudotsuga douglasii_) (Yellow Fir, Red Fir, Oregon Pine). One of the most important trees of the western United States; grows very large in the Pacific States, to fair size in all parts of the mountains, in Colorado up to about 10,000 feet above sea level; forms extensive forests, often of pure growth, it is really neither a pine nor a fir. Wood very variable, usually coarse-grained and heavy, with very pronounced summer-wood. Hard and strong ("red" fir), but often fine-grained and light ("yellow" fir). It is the chief tree of Washington and Oregon, and most abundant and most valuable in British Columbia, where it attains its greatest size. From the plains to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to British Columbia. =41. Red Fir= (_Pseudotsuga taxifolia_) (Oregon Pine, Puget Sound Pine, Yellow Fir, Douglas Spruce, Red Pine). Heartwood light red or yellow in color, sapwood narrow, nearly white, comparatively free from resins, variable annual rings. Wood usually hard, strong, difficult to work, durable, splinters easily. Used for heavy construction, dimension timber, railway ties, doors, blinds, interior finish, piles, etc. One of the most important of Western trees. From the plains to the Pacific Ocean, and from Mexico to British America. TAMARACK (See Larch) YEW Wood heavy, hard, extremely stiff and strong, of fine texture with a pale yellow sapwood, and an orange-red heartwood; seasons well and is quite durable. Extensively used for archery bows, turner's ware, etc. The yews form no forests, but occur scattered with other conifers. =42. Yew= (_Taxus brevifolia_). A small to medium-sized tree of the Pacific region. SECTION III BROAD-LEAVED TREES WOOD OF BROAD-LEAVED TREES [Illustration: Fig. 4. Block of Oak. CS, cross-section; RS, radial section; TS, tangential section; _mr_, medullary or pith ray; _a_, height; _b_, width; and _e_, length of pith ray.] [Illustration: Fig. 5. Board of Oak. CS, cross-section; RS, radial section; TS, tangential section; _v_, vessels or pores, cut through.; A, slight curve in log which appears in section as an islet.]