But there is a condition that lies still deeper. The popular psychology cultivated under the narrow aims of nationalism has exhausted itself in international matters in dislike and hatred of everything alien and of all that lies beyond the national pale. Such a state of mind is ever ready to act the bull to any red rag of newspaper sensationalism. So, the inside managers of diplomatic affairs may still say with some justification, “Open discussion would too much excite the public mind.” This fundamental condition cannot be suddenly purged of all its potency for evil. Only by gradual degrees may an attitude be brought about within the national communities which will be more just to the outside world and to everything that is strange and unaccustomed. What the great imaginative writers of the first half of the nineteenth century accomplished in breaking down social prejudices and abuses will have to be done for humanity by a new host of inspired molders of human sentiment. We may not get rid of artificial hostilities now still nurtured by nationalism, until ideals of international goodwill and fellowship have been expressed in the form of human experience and portrayed as part of the struggles and triumphs of the individual human soul. Patient, sound, upbuilding influences shall have to work powerfully on the masses of men, and on their leaders, before we may finally overcome the evils that express themselves in practices inherent in a system such as that we call “secret diplomacy,” before the world may be made an abode of mutual confidence and helpfulness instead of a house of imprisonment, suspicion and terror. SHORT BIBLIOGRAPHY ASHLEY. Life of Palmerston. BAGGER, E. S. Central European Conspiracy. N. Y. _Nation_, November 17, 1920. BARTHÉLEMY, J. Démocratic et politique étrangère. 1917. Part I. BASS, J. F. The Peace Tangle. 1920. BROWN, PHILIP. Democracy and Diplomacy. _North American Review._ 1916. CALLIÈRES, F. DE. On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes. 1716. Translated by A. F. Whyte. 1919. COOLIDGE, A. C. (ED.). Secret Treaties of Austria-Hungary. 1920. CZERNIN, COUNT. In the World War. 1919. DICKINSON, G. L. Democratic Control of Foreign Policy. _Atlantic_, August, 1916. DILLON, E. J. The Inside Story of the Peace Conference. 1920. FAY, S. B. Origins of the War. _Am. Hist. Rev._ 1920. FITZMAURICE, LORD. Life of Lord Granville. 1905. GORIČAR and L. B. STOWE. Inside Story of Austro-German Intrigue. 1920. HARRIS, JOHN H. The Chartered Millions. Swarthmore Press, London. HAYASHI, COUNT. Secret Memoirs. Ed. A. M. Pooley. 1915. HEATLY, D. P. Diplomacy and the Study of International Relations. 1919. ISVOLSKY, ALEXANDER. Memoirs. 1921. LABOUCHERE, HENRY. Life of. 1916. LANE-POOLE, STANLEY. The Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe. 1890. LANSING, ROBERT. The Peace Negotiations. 1921. Chapter 17.