The daemons are only mentioned as Ministers or Ushers in the
after-world; there is no threefold division of the man into body, soul,
and mind, only one into body and soul; there is one reference to Delphi
and its oracle, where a popular belief that Night and Apollo were
partners is corrected. An attentive reading will bring out a resemblance
of words and phrases to those familiar to us in the Sixth Book of the
_Aeneid_, the subject of E. Norden’s fruitful and convincing study.
(2) The beautiful story of Timarchus, the young friend of Socrates’ son,
who passed into a trance in the cave of Trophonius, and saw things of
the unseen world which were to be fully revealed to him three months
later, i. e. in actual death, comes into the Dialogue _On the Genius of
Socrates_ (pp. 36-40) to explain the special correspondence during life
between the God and those gifted souls who possess mind, and become
daemons or spirits after death. Here the three-fold division into body,
soul, and mind (see p. 303) is maintained. A practical application of
the myth is drawn by Theanor, the young Pythagorean visitor.
As the supposed Dialogue takes place in B. C. 378, we do not expect to
find in it the astronomy of Plutarch’s day, though he would not have
shrunk from any anachronism. The general imagery is again that of the
_Phaedo_, but there is a sea on which circular bodies, the stars which
are men’s souls, float. The current which bears them is circular, yet
not completely circular, not ending in the point where it started, but
describing a continuous spiral (just as the moon does with reference to
the earth’s path). This sea is inclined to the middle and highest point
of the firmament by ‘a little less than eight-ninths of the whole’. This
is puzzling; it may suggest the inclination of the ecliptic to the
equator, or, again, that of the Milky Way to the ecliptic. Doubtless
some explanation will be forthcoming. An interesting detail is ‘Styx, a
way to Hades’, clearly the shadow in a lunar eclipse, since the moon
‘only avoids Styx by a slight elevation, and is caught once in one
hundred and seventy-seven secondary measures’, the exact number of
periods of twenty-four hours contained in six lunar months, the normal
interval between two eclipses (see p. 286). ‘Secondary measures’ is a
curious expression, since Plutarch elsewhere (Plat. Quaest. 3, p. 1006
E) calls periods of a day and a night ‘the primary measures’. It seems
not impossible that δευτέροις here has replaced some word which the
scribe could not make out, such as νυχθημέροις. We have the four
principles of birth and death, as in the _Face in the Moon_; only there
Clotho takes the moon for her sphere of office, and Lachesis the earth,
here Lachesis takes the moon, Clotho the sun, Atropus the ‘unseen’.
Neither list agrees with the assignment of functions by Xenocrates (see
the end of Dr. M. Adler’s Dissertation mentioned below).
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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