Selected Essays of Plutarch, Vol. II. — John Shaqi
Selected Essays of Plutarch, Vol. II.Plutarch
Philosophy
Selected Essays of Plutarch, Vol. II.
Plutarch
Ethics -- Early works to 1800
XX. However, they were far on in an inquiry of no mean import, Heaven
knows, but one which Galaxidorus and Pheidolaus had started a little
earlier, the problem of the real nature [Sidenote: C] and potency of the
Divine Sign of Socrates, so called. What Simmias said in reply to the
argument of Galaxidorus we did not hear; but he went on to say that he
had himself once asked Socrates on the subject, and failed to get an
answer, and so had never asked again; but that he had often been with
him when he gave his opinion that those who claim intercourse with the
divine by way of vision are impostors, whereas he attended to those who
professed to hear a voice, and put serious questions to them. Hence it
began to occur to us, as we were discussing the matter among ourselves,
to suspect that the Divine Sign of Socrates might possibly be no vision
but a special sense for [Sidenote: D] sounds or words, with which he had
contact in some strange manner; just as in sleep there is no voice
heard, but fancies and notions as to particular words reach the
sleepers, who then think that they hear people talking. Only sleepers
receive such conceptions in a real dream because of the tranquillity and
calm of the body in sleep, whereas in waking moments the soul can hardly
attend to greater powers, being so choked by thronging emotions and
distracting needs that they are unable to listen and to give their
attention to clear revelations. But the mind of Socrates, pure and
passionless, and intermingling itself but [Sidenote: E] little with the
body for necessary purposes, was fine and light of touch, and quickly
changed under any impression. The impression we may conjecture to have
been no voice, but the utterance of a spirit, which without vocal sound
reached the perceiving mind by the revelation itself. For voice is like
a blow upon the soul, which perforce admits its utterance by way of the
ears, whenever we converse with one another. But the mind of a stronger
being leads the gifted soul, touching it with the thing thought, and no
blow is needed. To such a being soul yields as it relaxes or tightens
the impulses, which are never [Sidenote: F] violent, as when there are
passions to resist, but supple and pliant like reins which give. There
is nothing wonderful in this; as we see great cargo-vessels turned about
by little helms, and, again, potters’ wheels whirling round in even
revolution at the light touch of a hand. These are things without a soul
no doubt, yet so constructed as to run swiftly and smoothly, and
therefore to yield to a motive force when a touch is given. But the soul
of a man, being strained by countless impulses, as by cords, is far the
easiest of all machines to turn, if it be touched rationally; it accepts
the touch of thought, and moves as thought directs. For here the
passions and impulses are stretched towards the [Sidenote: 589] thinking
principle and end in it; if that principle be stirred they receive a
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