[401] ~Sweetness and Light~. The phrase is from Swift's _The Battle of the Books, Works_, ed. Scott, 1824, X, 240. In the apologue of the Spider and the Bee the superiority of the ancient over the modern writers is thus summarized: "Instead of dirt and poison we have rather chose to fill our hives with honey and wax, thus furnishing mankind with the two noblest of things, which are sweetness and light." PAGE 256 [402] ~Independents~. The name applied in England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to the denomination now known as Congregationalists. [403] From Burke's Speech on _Conciliation with America, Works_, ed. 1834, I, 187. [404] 1 Pet., III, 8. PAGE 258 [405] ~Epsom~. A market town in Surrey, where are held the famous Derby races, founded in 1780. PAGE 259 [406] Sallust's _Catiline_, chap. LII, § 22. [407] The ~Daily Telegraph~ was begun in June, 1855, as a twopenny newspaper. It became the great organ of the middle classes and has been distinguished for its enterprise in many fields. Up to 1878 it was consistently Liberal in politics. It is a frequent object of Arnold's irony as the mouthpiece of English philistinism. PAGE 261 [408] ~Young Leo~ (or ~Leo Adolescens~) is Arnold's name for the typical writer of the _Daily Telegraph_ (see above). He is a prominent character of _Friendship's Garland_. PAGE 262 [409] ~Edmond Beales~ (1803-81), political agitator, was especially identified with the movement for manhood suffrage and the ballot, and was the leading spirit in two large popular demonstrations in London in 1866. [410] ~Charles Bradlaugh~ (1833-91), freethought advocate and politician. His efforts were especially directed toward maintaining the freedom of the press in issuing criticisms on religious belief and sociological questions. In 1880 he became a Member of Parliament, and began a long and finally successful struggle for the right to take his seat in Parliament without the customary oath on the Bible. [411] ~John Henry Newman~ (1801-90) was the leader of the Oxford Movement in the English Church. His _Apologia pro Vita Sua_ (1864) was a defense of his religious life and an account of the causes which led him from Anglicanism to Romanism. For his hostility to Liberalism see the _Apologia_, ed. 1907, pp. 34, 212, and 288. [412] _Æneid_, I, 460. PAGE 263 [413] ~The Reform Bill of 1832~ abolished fifty-six "rotten" boroughs and made other changes in representation to Parliament, thus transferring a large share of political power from the landed aristocracy to the middle classes. [414] ~Robert Lowe~ (1811-92), afterwards Viscount Sherbrooke, held offices in the Board of Education and Board of Trade. He was liberal, but opposed the Reform Bill of that party in 1866-67. His speeches on the subject were printed in 1867. PAGE 266