[415] ~Jacobinism~. The _Société des Jacobins_ was the most famous of the political clubs of the French Revolution. Later the term ~Jacobin~ was applied to any promulgator of extreme revolutionary or radical opinions. [416] See _ante_, Note 2, p. 248. [417] ~Auguste Comte~ (1798-1857), French philosopher and founder of Positivism. This system of thought attempts to base religion on the verifiable facts of existence, opposes devotion to the study of metaphysics, and substitutes the worship of Humanity for supernatural religion. [418] ~Richard Congreve~ (1818-99) resigned a fellowship at Oxford in 1855, and devoted the remainder of his life to the propagation of the Positive philosophy. PAGE 267 [419] ~Jeremy Bentham~ (1748-1832), philosopher and jurist, was leader of the English school of Utilitarianism, which recognizes "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" as the proper foundation of morality and legislation. [420] ~Ludwig Preller~ (1809-61), German philologist and antiquarian. PAGE 268 [421] ~Book of Job~. Arnold must have read Franklin's piece hastily, since he has mistaken a bit of ironic trifling for a serious attempt to rewrite the Scriptures. The _Proposed New Version of the Bible_ is merely a bit of amusing burlesque in which six verses of the Book of Job are rewritten in the style of modern politics. According to Mr. William Temple Franklin the _Bagatelles_, of which the _Proposed New Version_ is a part, were "chiefly written by Dr. Franklin for the amusement of his intimate society in London and Paris." See Franklin's _Complete Works_, ed. 1844, II, 164. [422] ~The Deontology~, or _The Science of Morality_, was arranged and edited by John Bowring, in 1834, two years after Bentham's death, and it is doubtful how far it represents Bentham's thoughts. [423] ~Henry Thomas Buckle~ (1821-62) was the author of the _History of Civilization in England_, a book which, though full of inaccuracies, has had a great influence on the theory and method of historical writing. [424] ~Mr. Mill~. See _Marcus Aurelius, Selections_, Note 2, p. 145. [Transcriber's note: This is Footnote 183 in this e-text.] PAGE 269 [425] The article from which Arnold quotes these extracts is not Frederic Harrison's _Culture: A Dialogue_, but an earlier essay in the _Fortnightly Review_ for March 1, 1867, called _Our Venetian Constitution_, See pages 276-77 of the article. PAGE 271 [426] ~Peter Abelard~ (1079-1142) was a scholastic philosopher and a leader in the more liberal thought of his day. [427] ~Gotthold Ephraim Lessing~ (1729-81), German critic and dramatist. His best-known writings are the epoch-making critical work, _Laokoön_ (1766), and the drama _Minna van Barnhelm_ (1767). His ideas were in the highest degree stimulating and fruitful to the German writers who followed him.