The age of plants and animals--The Old Stone Age-- Treatment of old age among existing savage tribes-- The views of Frazer--The ancient Hebrews and the Old Testament--The Greeks (including Sparta, the Homeric Age, the status of the old in Athens, the views of Plato, Socrates’ talks with boys, Aristotle)--The Romans-- The Middle Ages--Witchcraft and old women--Attitude of children toward the old--Mantegazza’s collection of favorable and unfavorable views of age--The division of life into stages--The relation of age groups to social strata--The religion of different ages of life--The Vedanta--The Freudian war between the old and the young-- History of views from Cornaro to our own time--Bacon-- Addison--Burton--Swift. III. LITERATURE BY AND ON THE AGED 100 Harriet E. Paine--Amelia E. Barr--Mortimer Collins-- Col. Nicholas Smith--Byron C. Utecht--J. L. Smith-- Sanford Bennet--G. E. D. Diamond--Cardinal Gibbons-- John Burroughs--Rollo Ogden--James L. Ludlow--Brander Matthews--Ralph Waldo Emerson--Oliver Wendell Holmes-- Senator G. F. Hoar--William Dean Howells--H. D. Sedgwick--Walt Mason--E. P. Powell--U. V. Wilson--D. G. Brinton--N. S. Shaler--Anthony Trollope--Stephen Paget-- Richard le Gallienne--G. S. Street--C. W. Saleeby-- Bernard Shaw--A few typical poems and quotations. IV. STATISTICS OF OLD AGE AND ITS CARE 154 I. Numbers of old people increasing in all known lands where data are available--Actuarial and other mortality tables--Expectation of life and death-rate at different ages--Longevity and fecundity--Death-rate in different occupations--Longevity in ancient Egypt and in the Middle Ages--Diversity of statistical methods and results. II. Growing need of care for the indigent old--Causes of improvidence--Ignorance and misconception of what old age is and means--Why the old do not know themselves-- Old age pensions in Germany, Austria, Great Britain and her colonies, France, Belgium, United States--Industrial pensions and insurance, beginning with railroads--Trades unions--Fraternal organizations--Retiring pensions in the army and navy--Local and national insurance--Teachers’ pensions--The Carnegie Foundation--Criticism of pension systems--Growing magnitude, urgency, and diversity of views and methods--The Life Extension Institute-- “Borrowed Time” and “Sunset” clubs--Should the old organize? V. MEDICAL VIEWS AND TREATMENT OF OLD AGE 195