i. PROJECTION -- attributing unacceptable thoughts and feelings to someone else: "They don't like me." ii. REACTION FORMATION -- forming good feelings for a tyrant to minimize bullying: the terrorized victim reaction. iii. INTELLECTUALIZATION -- continuing research to find fool-proof solutions, rather than taking a chance at failure. iv. DISPLACEMENT -- prejudice, racism. Sarcasm and cynicism are frequently used in expressions of superiority over others. 5. REPRESSION -- This is the final evasion of problem solving and the most severe. It is a denial mechanism that involves blocking from consciousness that the problem ever existed. Problem Solving Evasions. 1. ANGER. i. Tears. ii. Rage. 2. REGRESSION -- "If things were only just like the Good Ole Days." 3. DISTORTION. i. PROJECTION -- Attributing one's own feelings to someone else: "He hates me." ii. REACTION FORMATION -- Adopting favorable emotions toward an abusive-domineering bully. "If I love the terrorist, maybe he won't hurt me." iii. INTELLECTUALIZATION -- "I'll wait until it is totally safe before I do anything. I'll continue to research the problem." iv. DISPLACEMENT -- racial prejudice, cynicism, sarcasm. 4. REPRESSION -- "This is now not important enough to spend time on. I can't even remember why it was once important." * * * * * Interpersonal Problem Solving. 1. Aristotle. _Rhetoric and the Poetics_. F. Solmsen, ed. New York: The Modern Library, 1954. 2. Magid, Ken and Carole A. McKelvey. _High Risk: Children without a Conscience_. New York: Bantam Books, 1987. 3. Maslow, A. H. _Motivation and Personality_. New York: Harper and Row, 1954. 4. MacLean, Paul. _Triune Concept of the Brain and Behavior_. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973. 5. Sagen, Carl. _The Dragons of Eden_., New York: Ballantine Books, 1977. 6. Vygotsky, Lev. _Thought and Language_. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1962. 7. A Committee of College and University Examiners. "Educational Objectives and Curriculum Development." _Taxonomy of Educational Objectives -- Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain_. Benjamin S. Bloom, ed. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1956. 8. Kohlberg, Lawrence. "Moral Education for a Moral Transition." _Educational Leadership_ 32 (October 1975): 46-54. 9. Magid, Ken and Carole A. McKelvey. _High Risk: Children without a Conscience_. New York: Bantam Books, 1987. 10. _Unmasking the Psychopath -- Antisocial Personality and Related Syndromes_. William H Reid, Darwin Dorr, John I. Walker, Jack W. Bonner, eds. New York: W.W. Norton, 1986. 11. Cline, Foster. _Understanding and Treating the Severely Disturbed Child_. Evergreen, CO: Evergreen Consultants in Human Behavior, 1979. 12. Handbook for Boys. New York: Doubleday-Page and Co., 1911. * * * * * APPENDIX 1 Outline Styles