Underground surveys are desirable along the lines of the proposed sewers to learn of obstructions, difficult excavation and other conditions which may be met. All such data are seldom gathered except for sewerage systems involving the expenditure of a large amount of money. For construction in small towns or small extensions to an existing system the funds are usually insufficient for extensive preliminary investigation. The saving in this respect is paid unknowingly to the contractor as compensation for the risk in bidding without complete information. =15. Underground Surveys.=—These may be more or less extensive dependent on the character of the district in which construction is to take place. In built-up districts the survey should be more thorough than in sparsely settled districts where only the character of the excavated material is of interest and no obstructions are to be met. Underground surveys furnish to the engineer and to prospective bidders on contract work information on which the design and estimate of cost and the contractor’s bid may be based and without which no intelligent work can be done. By removing much of the uncertainty of the conditions to be met in the construction of the sewer, the design can be made more economical and the contractor’s bid should be markedly lower, sufficiently so to repay more than the expense of the survey. The information to be obtained consists of the location of the ground-water level, and the location and sizes of water, gas, and sewer pipes, telephone and electric conduits, street-car tracks, steam pipes, and all other structures which may in any way interfere with subsurface construction. These structures should be located by reference to some permanent point on the surface. The elevation of the top of the pipes, except sewers, rather than the depth of cover should be recorded, as the depth of cover is subject to change. The elevation of sewers should be given to the invert rather than to the top of the pipe. A portion of the map of the subsurface conditions at Washington, D. C., is shown in Fig. 3. Many of the dimensions and notations are not shown to avoid confusion on this small reproduction.[15] Colors are generally used instead of different forms of cross hatching to show the different classes of pipe and structures. In addition to a record of the underground structures the character of the ground and the pavement should be recorded. A comprehensive underground survey is seldom available nor does time usually permit its being made preliminary to the design of a sewerage system. The character of the material through which the sewer is to pass should be determined in all cases. [Illustration: FIG. 3.—Record Map of Underground Structures, Washington, D. C. Eng. Record, Vol. 74, p. 263.