[Footnote 159: I have alluded in more than one paper to the theory of tropisms, but this does not imply an acceptance of this theory as stated by Loeb (_Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mil dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen_), Vervorn (_Das lebendige Substanz_), and other representatives of the "mechanical" school of physiologists. The recent researches of Jennings seem to establish the view that reactions of the lower organisms to stimulation are less mechanical than has been assumed by this school. The current theory holds that "the action of the stimulus is directly on the motor organs of that part of the organism upon which the stimulus impinges, thus giving rise to changes in the state of contraction, which produce orientation." Jennings finds that "the responses to stimuli are usually reactions of the organisms as wholes, brought about by some physiological change produced by the stimulus.... The organism reacts as a unit, not as the sum of a number of independently reacting organs." H.S. Jennings, "The Theory of Tropisms," _Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of the Lower Organisms_ (Publications of the Carnegie Institution, 1904), pp. 106, 107.] [Footnote 160: Cf. J.R. Angell and Helen B. Thompson, "A Study of the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and Consciousness," _The University of Chicago Contributions to Philosophy_, Vol. II, No. 2.] [Footnote 161: Cf. John Fiske, _Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy_, Vol. II, pp. 342ff.] [Footnote 162: Cf. R. Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwickelung der Strafe_, Vol. I, p. 305.] [Footnote 163: See Groos, _The Play of Animals_, p. 283.] [Footnote 164: See e.g., Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, 3. Aufl., p. 10; Adams, "Some Phases of Sexual Morality and Church Discipline in Colonial New England," _Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society_, 2d Series, 1891, pp. 417-516.] [Footnote 165: A.B. Ellis, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_, pp. 249ff.] [Footnote 166: Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 206.] [Footnote 167: Bonwick, _Daily Life of the Tasmanians_, p. 55.] [Footnote 168: Owen, _Transactions of the Ethnological Society_, New Series, Vol. II, p. 36.] [Footnote 169: Turner, _Nineteen Years in Polynesia_, p. 424.] [Footnote 170: Arbousset and Daumas, _Voyage and Exploration_, p. 249; Maffat, _Missionary Labors and Scenes in Southern Africa_, p. 53.] [Footnote 171: Schoolcraft, _History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States_, Part I, p. 285.] [Footnote 172: Jones, _Antiquities of the Southern Indians_, p. 70.] [Footnote 173: John Hechenwelder, _History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations_, pp. 155-58.] [Footnote 174: Ratzel, _History of Mankind_, Vol. II, p. 289.] [Footnote 175: Ratzel, _loc. cit._, Vol. I, p. 253.] [Footnote 176: Irving, "Astoria," _Works_, Vol. VIII, p. 134.] [Footnote 177: Ratzel, _loc. cit._, Vol. II, p. 130.]