There is a ceremony called _iki-mitama_ (living soul), which consists in paying respect to an absent parent, &c., as if he were present. Another similar practice is that of _kage-zen_ (shadow-food), in which a meal is set out for an absent member of the family, especially when it is not known whether he is dead or alive. The term _iki-su-dama_ (living spirit) is applied to the angry spirit (double?) of a living person, which is supposed to work a curse, sometimes unknown even to himself. _Su-dama_ are defined as the essences of woods or mountains, which assume a metamorphosed form--elves, as we should say. All these are comparatively modern ideas. The _Shinto Do-itsu_, a modern Shinto manual, frankly adopts the Chinese views of the soul. A manual of this sect has the following: "The _kom-paku_ are in China the animal and rational souls. When a man dies, his _kon_ goes up to Heaven and his _haku_ returns to Earth. Man at birth derives his breath (or life) from Heaven and Earth. Therefore when he dies it returns to Heaven and Earth. The _kon_ is the _yang_ or male, positive spirit; the _haku_ is the _yin_ or female, negative spirit (_tama_). In everything there is the _yin_ and the _yang_ heart. All men have _ki_ (breath), _kei_ (form), and _sei_ (life). The _kon_ rules the _ki_ and the _sei_. The _haku_ rules the form and the body. _Ki_ means literally breath, on which man's life depends. From the Buddhist point of view there are two functions of the material body, namely, life and death, each of which has its soul. The _saki-dama_ (spirit of luck) is the _kon_; the _kushi-dama_ (wondrous spirit) is the _haku_.[32] Again the five viscera have each a God in shape like a man."