#################################################################### Transcriber’s Notes This e-text is based on the three-volume book ‘Shipbuilding from Its Beginnings,’ from 1895. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained; punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected. The side notes refer to the corresponding illustrations in volumes II and III. Footnotes have been moved to the end of the respective section. Two numerical values are obviously missing in the text; they could not be retrieved from other sources. The missing numbers have been highlighted by triple underscores (___). Specific font styles have been marked by using the following special characters: italics: _underscores_ spaced: +plus signs+ small caps: ~tildes~ #################################################################### PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF Navigation Congresses 38, Rue de Louvain, 38 BRUSSELS [Illustration: SHIPBUILDING FROM ITS BEGINNINGS ~VOL.~ I] [Illustration: NAVIGARE NECESSE] SHIPBUILDING FROM ITS BEGINNINGS [Illustration] SHIPBUILDING FROM ITS BEGINNINGS BY E. VAN KONIJNENBURG, ~C.E.~, _ENGINEER OF THE RIJKSWATERSTAAT OF THE NETHERLANDS_ 1895-1905 PUBLISHED BY THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONGRESSES OF NAVIGATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE--OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL 38, RUE DE LOUVAIN, 38 BRUSSELS VOL. I TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE 11 Division of Europe according to the shape of vessels: Northern centre--Baltic Sea--Southern centre--Mediterranean Sea. SOUTHERN CENTRE. ~Chapter I~ 13 The Egyptians 13 The Phœnicians 17 The Greeks and Romans 19 The Mediterranean in the Middle Ages 23 Galleys 23 Types of ships in the XVIIIth century 28 NORTHERN CENTRE. ~Chapter II~ 33