#################################################################### Transcriber’s Notes This e-text is based on the three-volume book ‘Shipbuilding from Its Beginnings,’ from 1895. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained; punctuation and typographical errors have been corrected. Specific font styles have been marked by using the following special characters: italics: _underscores_ small caps: ~tildes~ #################################################################### [Illustration] SHIPBUILDING FROM ITS BEGINNINGS [Illustration] SHIPBUILDING FROM ITS BEGINNINGS BY E. VAN KONIJNENBURG, C. E., _ENGINEER OF THE RIJKSWATERSTAAT OF THE NETHERLANDS_ 1895-1905 PUBLISHED BY THE PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CONGRESSES OF NAVIGATION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE -- OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY GENERAL 38, RUE DE LOUVAIN, 38 BRUSSELS VOL. III [Illustration] [Illustration: Fig. 1.] ~Ark van Noach.~ ~Noah’s Ark.~ ~Arche Noah.~ ~Arche de Noé.~ Voorstelling van Liranus (Van Yk). Nach Liranus. According to Liranus. D’après Liranus (Van Yk). Teekening (~XVII~ᵉ eeuw). Zeichnung (17. Jahrhundert). Drawing of the 17~TH~ century. Dessin du ~XVII~ᵉ siècle. Volgens Wilhelm Goeree. Nach Wilhelm Goeree. According to Wilhelm Goeree. D’après Guillaume Goeree. Volgens Van Yk. Nach Van Yk. According to Van Yk. D’après Van Yk. Neurenberger Kroniek Nürnberger Chronik. Chronicle of Nuremberg. Chronique de Nuremberg. [Illustration: Fig. 2.] ~VIKINGER SCHIP.~ ~Wikingerschiff.~ ~Viking ship.~ ~Bateau des Vikings.~ 1200 [Illustration: Fig. 3] 1300 [Illustration: Fig. 4] 1400 [Illustration: Fig. 5] 1500 [Illustration: Fig. 6] Amsterdamsche voeten Amsterdamer Fuss Amsterdam feet Pieds d’Amsterdam [Illustration: Fig. 7.] ~(Fürtenbach)~ ~Verschil tusschen Noordelijk en Zuidelijk centrum.~ ~Unterschied zwischen Nord- und Südzentrum~ ~Difference between the Northern and Southern centres.~ ~Différence entre le centre Septentrional et Méridional.~ Noordzee (Holland) North Sea Nordsee (Holland) Mer du Nord Middellandsche Zee Mittelmeer Mediterranean Sea Mer Méditerranée [Illustration: Fig. 8.] Platte grond Plan Plan Ebene 1625 ~Pinasschip~ ~Pinasse~ ~Pinnace~ ~Pinasse~ Amsterdamsche voeten van 11 duim [Illustration: Fig. 8] 1625 Amsterd. voeten