III. THE PERFECTION OF SAILS—THE CLIPPER SHIPS 56 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF STEAMSHIPS 75 V. THE PERFECTION OF STEAMSHIPS 96 VI. STEAMSHIPS OF MANY TYPES 117 VII. SHIPS OF WAR 140 VIII. PORTS AND PORT EQUIPMENT 168 IX. THE ART OF SEAMANSHIP 191 X. THE SCIENCE OF NAVIGATION 215 XI. LIGHTHOUSES, LIGHTSHIPS, AND BUOYS 235 XII. SHIP DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND REPAIR 252 XIII. SHIPPING LINES 267 XIV. THE IMPORTANCE OF SHIPS 279 APPENDIX. An Abridged Dictionary of Nautical Words and Expressions 295 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS The Caravels of Columbus _Frontispiece_ FACING PAGE An Egyptian Boat of 6000 B. C. 3 A Large Egyptian Ship of the 18th Dynasty 5 A Peruvian Balsa 7 An African Dugout 9 An Eskimo Umiak 11 An Eskimo Kayak 13 A Birch-bark Canoe 15 An Outrigger Canoe 17 A Phœnician Bireme 19 A Greek Trireme 21 Seating Arrangement of Rowers in a Greek Trireme 25 An early 16th-Century Ship 27 A Mediterranean Galley 31 An Egyptian Boat of the 5th Dynasty 35 An Egyptian Ship of the 12th Dynasty 37 A Roman Ship 39 A Viking Ship 41 A 13th-Century English Ship 43 A Galleon of the Time of Elizabeth 45 The _Amaranthe_ 49 A 16th-Century Dutch Boat 51 A Corvette of 1780 53 A British East Indiaman 57 A Black Ball Packet 59 A Whaling Bark 61